Starch + Salivary Maltose water amylase

Secretes bile Stores bile Peptides Erepsin Amino + water pH 7.5 acids Maltose Maltase Glucose + water Sucrose Sucrase Glucose + Fructose + water Lactose + Lactase Glucose + water Galactose Lipid + water Lipase Fatty acids + glycerol Protein+ Pepsin Polypeptide water pH 2.0 Caesinogen Rennin Caesin + water Secretes pancreatic juices Starch + Pancreatic maltose amylase water Polypeptide Trypsin peptide + water Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids + glycerol water

Digestion of Cellulose by a Ruminant

Largest part of the stomach Mutualistic microorganisms secrete cellulase to digest cellulose Water is removed from cud

True stomach Cud (chewed and reswallowed)

Microorganisms secrete cellulase to digest cellulose

Gastric juice secreted Digestion of proteins

Fatty acids + glycerol, Vitamins A, D, E and K

Structure of a villus
Glucose Amino acids

LOCATION
Assimilation takes place in the cells (digestion takes place in the alimentary canal) Simpler form of nutrient is used to form complex compounds or structural components Liver acts as checkpoint and control centre for the release of appropriate amount of nutrients in the circulatory system.

ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
Most of glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver. Glycogen will be converted to sugar when the body needs energy Glucose is distributed throughout the body by circulatory system. Cells oxidise glucose to release energy during cellular respiration.

ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
Excess of glucose is converted into lipids by the liver.

ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS

Amino acids have to pass through the liver before they reach blood circulatory system Amino acids are used to synthesized plasma proteins. Function of plasma proteins: blood clotting and osmoregulation When there are short supply of glucose, amino acids are converted to glucose by the liver through gluconeogenesis process.

ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS

Amino acids that enter the cell are used for synthesizing protoplasm and repair the damaged tissue. Amino acids are also important blocks to synthesis hormones and enzymes. Excess of amino acids will be broken by deamination process. The waste product of this process is commonly the urea. Urea is transported to the kidneys and secreted out through urine.

LIPIDS
Lipids such as fats represent the major energy store of the body Excess lipids are stored in the adipose tissue. Some lipids; ex: phospholipids and cholesterol are major components of plasma membranes

OTHER FUNCTION OF LIVER

Liver acts as the detoxicification site In this process, the liver removes harmful substances from blood and convert them to less toxidic compounds. The detoxicification products are eliminated from the body through bile or urine.

Glucose for cellular respiration Amino synthesis of hormones, plasma acids membranes, enzymes

Glucose - respiration Excess glucose glycogen Amino acids plasma protein Excess amino acids - urea

Formation of Faeces and Defaecation

Reabsorbs water and minerals Elimates undigested food Escherichia coli are found Secretes mucus to bind faeces and lubricates movement of feaces along the colon Temporary storage of faeces Faeces is expelled from here when the rectum is full, contraction of the muscles of the rectum propels the faeces out