FUZZY LOGIC IMPLEMENTATION FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING

A. M. A. Mahmoud H. M. Mashaly S. A. Kandil H. EL Khashab M. N. F. Nashed Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Univesity . Electronic Research Institute, E-mail: khashab@eri.sci.eg Key words: Fuzzy logic , renewable energy , modern control ABSTRACT The paper presents a simulation study and an experimental implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for Ck converter in a stand alone photovoltaic (PV) energy scheme.DC-DC converters are used to convert the unregulated DC input into a regulated DC output at a desired voltage level. A FL algorithm is selected and used to control the PV nonlinear system. The control objective for Ck converter is to move the operating point of the PV system to its peak power point. A system that consists of PV generator, converter, AC PWM inverter and load models is simulated, analized, and experimentally implemented. The simulated system with FLC is investigated at different solar insolation levels. The fixed structure FLC shows a robust performance when applied on a wide operating range of the proposed converter, and AC PWM inverter. easily obtained by a voltage divider across the system output terminals. A reference (desired) voltage (Vref) is obtained from an open circuit voltage on the monitoring test cell. A schematic diagram of the proposed scheme is shown in Fig. 1, where the FLC is realized through a digital computer system.
Inverter
AC Load

Voltage senser

Fig. 1 The implemented PV Control System.

INTRODUCTION
A FLC algorithm is to be used to control the PV nonlinear system. However, previously obtained knowledge about system operation is essential to make a FLC. DC-DC converters are used to match the PV generator and the DC load in order to reach the desired optimal power or voltage points. Be-sides, the optimal operating point varies widely over time, [3,4]. This objective is achieved using the on-line values of the PV array output voltage (Vo). Vo can be

The capacitor in Ck converter acts as the primary means of storing and transferring energy from the input voltage to the output voltage. The Ck converter duty cycle ( D ) is adjusted by the FLC rules to track the system maximum available power. Physical demonstrations of fuzzy systems have proved their robustness in several inter-national conferences, [1,2]

PV ARRAY
The amount of the converted PV energy to electric energy is dependent on the solar insolation level ( ). The terminal output voltage of PV generators is given by:-

. Vs = 1234149 Is + 10.28983ln(

. 4.682355 Is X = AX + BU + 1) (1) 2.35E 8 Where: xT=[IL1 Vc1 IL2 Vo]; U=[Vd]; Figure 2 shows the V-I and V-P Charac1 d 1 0 0 L 0 L teristics of PV array. 1 1
250 200 150 100 50 0 Power (Watt)

(5) (6)

Current (Amp) 5 4 3 2 1 Voltage (Volt)

d 1 d 0 0 0 C c1 A = 1 B= 1 d 0 0 0 L2 L2 1 1 0 0 0 C2 R LC 2

DIGITAL CONTROLLER
Voltage (Volt)

Fig.2 V-I & V-P Characteristics of PV array.

For certain insolation level, the MPP is obtained by, [5]

At certain insolation level equation (1) is used to obtain the open circuit voltage (Voc), while equation (2) is used to obtain the voltage corresponding to MPP (VMPP). It is also obtained as a function the open circuit voltage (Voc) given by: V ref = V MPPT = f (Voc ) (3)
= 0.79905Voc + 016932 .

dPs d = V I =0 dV dV s s

(2)

The digital controller consists of a Data Acquisition Card (DAC) (PCLab 812-PG max.30kHz in DMA mode) and a pentiumII professional computer 233mhz with 64 MB RAM. Assembly language is used in input and output A/D & D/A, while turbo C++ language is used in the software FLC to calculate the voltage control (Ton & Toff ) of IGBT. Fig. 4, describes the flow chart of the complete software program of the system.

Ck CONVERTER The selected and used Ck converter circuit is illustrated in Fig. 3. This converter is obtained by using the duality principle app-lied to the circuit of buckboost converter. The capacitor C1acts as the primary means of storing and transferring energy from the input to the output.

Fig. 3 Ck converter.

The output voltage of the Ck converter may be given as obtained in reference[3] by: Vo = D Vd (4) The derivation of the following general final equation of the Ck converter is given in references, [3,6]:
1 D

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL The FLC objective is to track the voltage desired of the PV array. The desired voltage Vref of Ck converter, and the actual output voltage of the converter Vo are utilized as input variables to the FLC. The output variable of the FLC (change of duty cycle) is fed to the switch S1 in Fig. 4 to control its Ton & Toff periods. Then the output power of the array changes until reaching the desired value. In the tracking performance of the system, two input variables, error (e) and change of error (ce), of the position are defined. The system uses 7 memberships for each variable. These memberships are described as follows,[3]: hne=High negative; mne= Medium negative; Lne=Low negative; Ze=Zero error (zero change of duty cycle or change of error); Lpo=Low positive; mpo=Medium positive; hpo=High positive. The control rules of the system are defined heuristically Table 1. Table 1. e ce hne mne Lne Ze Lpo mpo PH hne Ze Lne Lne mne hne hne hne mne Lpo Ze Lne Lne mne hne hne Lne Lpo Lpo Ze Lne Lne mne hne Ze mpo Lpo Lpo Ze Lne mne mne Lpo hpo mpo Lpo Lpo Ze Lne mne mpo hpo hpo mpo Lpo Lpo Ze Lne hpo hpo hpo hpo mpo Lpo Lpo Ze

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
The drive circuit to fire the IGBT which is used as the switch S1 in Fig.3 consists of 1- A function generator (IC 8038 ) adjusted to work at 33 KHZ. Its triangular output wave (pin 3) and voltage output from DAC are compared by the comparator IC 3140 as shown in Fig. 4. 2- Optocoupler 4502 is used to isolate the drive circuit from power circuit. 3- Shmitt Triger IC 40106 is used to improve and give a sharp square wave output. 4- Amplifier stage consists of two transistors to give on and off signals to the gate of IGBT. In all Figs from 5-19, the arrows indicate the starting of the program, during these different time displays. Figs 5 & 6 show the o/p voltage with and without converter at two loads (RL1=30; RL2= 324 ). At the same conditions of temperature and insolation level, with RL1; the output voltage (Vo/p) reaches about 47 volts with MPP and about 20 volts when PV is directly coupled.
(Volt)

experimental input and output voltages of Ck Converter with FLC.

50 0 50 0 Vo/p without Cuk Vo/p with Cuk

100 50 0 50 0

Fig.6, Display of experimental output voltage with and without converter at RL2(t=0.5sec/D).

Vi/p

Vo/p

Fig. 7, i/p & o/p voltages of Ck Converter with FLC

150(Volt) 100 50 0 2 0

Fig. 8 shows the experimental capacitor voltage (Vc1) and control voltages of Ck Converter with FLC. In Fig. 9, the values of reference, i/p & o/p powers are monitored during a day in 12/9/1999 for different insolation levels (covering 10 hrs).
VC1

6 4 2 0
(Volt)

Fig. 4, the triangular voltage of drive circuit and voltage output of D/A.(t=20s)
(Volt)

Vcontrol

50 0 50 0

Vo/p with Cuk

(Watts)

Fig.8, Display of experimental Capacitor voltage Vc1 & Control Voltage Vcontrol of. Ck Converter with FLC (t=.5sec/D).
Pi/p Pref. Po/p

Vo/p without Cuk

Fig.5, Display of experimental output voltage with and without converter at RL1(t=0.5sec/D).

While with RL2, the output voltage is almost the same with and without MPP. This is due to the fact that RL2 matches the MP operation point. Fig. 7 shows the Fig.9, Experimental of reference, output and input
powers during day 12/9/99.

V o/p V I/p & V ref (volt)

The same system can perform as a voltage regulator. Fig. 10 shows, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation results for Ck Converter with FLC as voltage regulator with constant load. While, the i/p & o/p voltages of the experimental results for Ck Converter are shown in Fig. 11.
V I/p V o/p & V ref

shows, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation results for Ck converter with FLC at variable voltage regulator with variable load. In Fig. 18, the i/p & o/p voltages of the experimental results for Ck converter with FLC at variable voltage regulator (from Vref=60 to 20 & from 20 to 50 Volt) with variable load (between RL1 =100 & RL2= 324 ) . (Volt)

100 (Volt) 50 0 50 0

Fig 10, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation voltage regulator with constant load.

Vi/p

100 50 0 50 0

Fig 12, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation voltage regulator with variable load.
Vi/p

Vo/p

Vo/p
Fig. 11, the i/p & o/p voltages of the experimental results at voltage regulator (Vref=45 ) with constant load (t=.5sec/D).

R2 to R1

R1 to R2

Fig. 13, the i/p & o/p voltages for Ck converter at voltage regulator (Vref=45 volt) with variable load (t=.5sec/D).
V o/p V I/p & V ref (Volt)

In Fig. 12 shown, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation results for Ck converter with FLC at voltage regulator with variable load (RL2=324 to RL1= 100 ) While, the i/p & o/p voltages of the experimental results for Ck converter are shown in Fig. 13. Fig. 14 represents, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation results for Ck converter with FLC at variable voltage regulator with constant load. While, the i/p & o/p voltages of the experimental results for Ck Converter are shown in Fig. 15. Fig.16 shows the experimental result of control voltage (output of D/A). Fig. 17

Fig 14, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation variable voltage regulator with constant load .

100 50 0 50 0

(Volt)

Vi/p Vo/p

and without variable load are shown in Fig.(Volt) 19. 5 2.5 0 R2 to R1 Vcontrol R=var. R1 to R2 2.5 0 Vcontrol R=c R2 to R1 R1 to R2

Fig. 15, I/p & O/p voltages of the experimental results at variable voltage regulator(from Vref=60 to 20& from 20 to 50 V) with constant load, (t=.5sec/D).
(Volt)

4 2 0

Fig. 19, the control voltage of the experimental results at variable voltage regulator (from Vref=60 to 20 & from 20 to 50 Voltage) with and without variable load, (t=.5sec/D).

Inverter Simulation Results The inverter under study is a single phase Fig. 16, the control voltage of the experimental PWM 1KW inverter. The output voltage results at variable voltage regulator with constant of inverter is shown in Fig. 20. The load, (t=.5sec/D). voltage of inverter is starting between time 0-0.06 sec, and change when change the insolation at 0.2 sec (40% to 80%) and 0.4 sec (80% to 20%). Fig. 21 shows the variation of the current at same different insolation levels with time.
(Volt)

Fig 17, the reference, i/p & o/p voltages of the simulation variable voltage regulator with variable load.

100 50 0 R2 to R1 50 0 R1 to R2

(Volt)

Vi/p R2 to R1 Vo/p R1 to R2
Fig 20 The Output Voltage of Inverter (PWM)

Fig. 18, the I/p and O/p voltages of the experimental results at variable voltage regulator (from Vref=60 to 20 & from 20 to 50 Volt) with variable load, (t=.5sec/D).

While the control voltage with FLC at variable voltage regulator (from Vref=60 to 20 and from 20 to 50 Voltage) with

CONCLUSION A simple Ck converter circuit consisting of a single IGBT is used as an interface between a PV and load. The Ck converter with FLC allows obtaining MP

output from the PV generator to the load at all insolation levels.

80% 40% 20%

Fig 21, Load current With Filter at R L (small L) load.

The Ck converter duty cycle is adjusted by the FLC to track the system maximum available power. The dynamic performance is investigated at different step changes. The FLC gives an adequate and inherent adaptive nature for the system performance. The FLC does not need any rule variations, or membership function modifications, when tested with different resistive loads. The validity of the experimentally built system is verified by comparing output voltage with and without Ck converter using matching and unmatching resistive loads to MPP. The responses of the system has been also checked and verified at different insolation levels and close agreement between simulation and test results has been obtained. The simulation and experimental results show adequate and robust performance for the proposed FLC in terms of settling time, overshoot and steady state error with the PV system.

[2] C.C.Lee"FL In Control Systems:FLC Part I&II,IEEE Trans.On Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, Vol.20, No.2, May1990, pp 404-435. [3] A.M.A.Mahmoud, H.M.Mashaly, S.A. Kandil, H.ELKhashab, & M.N.F.Nashed Comparison Study Between FL & PI Controllers For PV Array Converters the 5th Inter. Conf. on Soft Computing & In-formation, Intelligent Systems, IIZUKA, 98, Japan, Oct.98. [4] H.M.Mashaly, A.M.A.Mahmoud, S.A. Kandil, H.EL Khashab, & M.N.F.Nashed "A Fixed Structure FLC for PV Array Converters" Sixth inter. Middle East power Systems Conf. ,MEPCON98, Mansoura, Egypt, Dec. 15-17,98. [5] S.M.Alghuwainem,"Steady-State Performance of DC Motors Supplied From PV Generators With Step-Up Converter", IEEE Trans. on EC, Vol.7, No.2, June 1992, pp 267-272. [6] H.M.Mashaly, A.M.A.Mahmoud, S.A. Kandil, H.ELKhashab, M.N.F.Nashed FL MP Traking in a Stand Alone PV System Fourth IEEE Inter. Con. on Electronics, Circuits, & Systems, ICECS97, Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 1518,1997.

REFERENCE
[1] P.T.Huynh and B.H.Cho,"Design & analysis of a Regulated Peak-Power Tracking System" Pro. of the 30th Intersociety EC Eng. Conf., July 30-Aug.4, 1995, Oerlando, Florida.