American Bridge Company AYH Balfour Beatty Bayside Engineering, Inc.

Carillion plc Davis Langdon Enterprise Plc Harland and Wolff Kier Group Morgan Sindall plc Sacyr Vallehermoso Vollmer Associates LLP DLF Nagarjuna Construction Company Larsen & Toubro industries Tata Projects limited Gammon India limited Sobha Developers Ltd Shapoorji Pallonji & Co Unitech Hindustan Construction Company

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A representative sample of the element is exposed to a specified regime of heating and the performance of the test sample is monitored on the basis of criteria described in the standard. Fire resistance of the test element is expressed as the time for which appropriate criteria have been satisfied. The times so obtained are a measure of the

A truss is an engineering structure consisting of straight members connected at their ends by means of bolts, rivets, pins, or welding. In the analysis that follows, it is assumed that the members are connected together by smooth pins and by aBall-and-Socket Joint in 3D trusses
adequacy of the construction in a fire but have no direct relationship with the duration of a real fire.

The frequency at which vortex shedding takes place for a cylinder is related to the Strouhal number by the following equation:

Where is the Strouhal number, cylinder, and is the flow velocity.

is the vortex shedding frequency,

is the diameter of the

The Strouhal number depends on the body shape and on the Reynolds number.

. Chimneys and other slender structures with circular cross-sections are vulnerable to cross-wind

excitation by fluctuating pressures due to vortex shedding. Regular vortex shedding from such structures is often strong enough to produce large dynamic forces in the cross-wind direction. If the damping of the chimney is low and the wind creates vortices that coincide with the natural frequency of the structure, high-amplitude vibrations will occur that could lead to fatigue damage and even collapse of the structure. Wind tunnel section-model and aeroelastic-model tests can be used to provide appropriate aerodynamic data required for the design of tall chimneys. The wind tunnel can also be used to examine aerodynamic interference effects for pairs or groups of closely-spaced chimneys.