GREEN BUILDINGS AND INNOVATIVE MATERIALS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY Prepared by, Abdul Salam.A & Gowtham Karthick.C.M.B Contact. No. 9677942738/9600631428 Mail id:gowthamkarthick.17@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:"Green building" is the design and construction of buildings using methods and materials that are resource efficient and that will not compromise the health of the environment or the associated health and well-being of the building's occupants, construction workers, the general public, or future generations. It involves the consideration of many issues, including land use, site impacts, indoor environment, energy and water use, solid waste, and lifecycle impacts of building materials. In this thesis, the objectives, concept, environmental impacts, practices, benefits, and certifications of green building are discussed. Statistical data, along with information from secondary sources, are then presented regarding: (a) production of cement world wide (b)alternative green materials . The data presented in this thesis are mainly derived from journals and other websites regarding green building concepts. The primary barriers to more widespread green building practice, as identified, are: (1) a lack of interest in or demand for green building from clients (owners/developers), (2) a lack of training and education in green design/construction, (3) the failure of service fee structures to account for the recovery of long-term savings, and (4) the higher costs (both real and perceived) of green building options. The work concludes with recommendations for government action.

CONTENTS:1. Introduction 2. Objectives of green building 3. Reducing environmental impact 4. Practices Reduced energy use Reduced waste 5. Building operation and maintenance 6. Impact of cement production over environment Production of cement Emission of co2 By-product scenario 7. Certification of green building Leadership in energy and environmental design IPD environment code 8. Benefits of green building Financial benefits 9. Ten greenest building in the world 10. Recommendations 11. Conclusion 12. References

INTRODUCTION:Buildings have major environmental impacts over their entire life cycle. Resources such as ground cover, forests, water, and energy are depleted to give way to buildings. Water is another vital resource for the occupants, which gets consumed continuously during building construction and operation. Several building processes and occupant functions generate large amounts of waste, which can be recycled for use or can be reused directly. Buildings are thus one of the major pollutants that affect urban air quality and contribute to climate change. Hence, the need to design a green building, the essence of which would be to address all these issues in an integrated and scientific manner. A sustainable building, or green building is an outcome of a design philosophy which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use energy, water, and materials while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment during the building's lifecycle, through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal. OBJECTIVE OF GREEN BUILDING:

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation. Reduced operating costs by increasing productivity and using less energy and water Improved public and occupant health due to improved indoor air quality Reduced environmental impacts

REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. Buildings account for a large amount of land use, energy and water consumption, and air and atmosphere alteration. In the United States, more than 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) of open space, wildlife SUPS habitat, and wetlands are developed each year.

As of 2006, buildings used 40 percent of the total energy consumed in both the US and European Union. In the US, 54 percent of that percentage was consumed by residential buildings and 46 percent by commercial buildings. In 2002, buildings used approximately 68 percent of the total electricity consumed in the United States with 51 percent for residential use and 49 percent for commercial use. 38 percent of the total amount of carbon dioxide in the United States can be attributed to buildings, 21 percent from homes and 17.5 percent from commercial uses. Buildings account for 12.2 percent of the total amount of water consumed per day in the United States. Considering these statistics, reducing the amount of natural resources buildings consume and the amount of pollution given off is seen as crucial for future sustainability, according to EPA. PRACTICES:1. 2. 3. Materials Reduced energy use Reduced waste

1. Materials:Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product. Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed, ecology blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from clay, vermiculite, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance)etc. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects. Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Overall material/product selection criteria: Resource efficiency

Indoor air quality Energy efficiency Water conservation Affordability

Resource Efficiency can be accomplished by utilizing materials that meet the following criteria: Recycled Content: Products with identifiable recycled content, including postindustrial content with a preference for post consumer content. Natural, plentiful or renewable: Materials harvested from sustainably managed sources and preferably have an independent certification (e.g., certified wood) and are certified by an independent third party. Resource efficient manufacturing process: Products manufactured with resource-efficient processes including reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste (recycled, recyclable and or source reduced product packaging), and reducing greenhouse gases. Locally available: Building materials, components, and systems found locally or regionally saving energy and resources in transportation to the project site. Salvaged, refurbished, or remanufactured: Includes saving a material from disposal and renovating, repairing, restoring, or generally improving the appearance, performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product. Reusable or recyclable: Select materials that can be easily dismantled and reused or recycled at the end of their useful life. Recycled or recyclable product packaging: Products enclosed in recycled content or recyclable packaging. Durable: Materials that are longer lasting or are comparable to conventional products with long life expectancies. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is enhanced by utilizing materials that meet the following criteria:

Low or non-toxic: Materials that emit few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or irritants as demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriate testing.

Minimal chemical emissions: Products that have minimal emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Products that also maximize resource and energy efficiency while reducing chemical emissions.

Low-VOC assembly: Materials installed with minimal VOC-producing compounds, or no-VOC mechanical attachment methods and minimal hazards.

Moisture resistant: Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of biological contaminants in buildings. Healthfully maintained: Materials, components, and systems that require only simple, non-toxic, or low-VOC methods of cleaning. Systems or equipment: Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air pollutants or enhancing the air quality.

Energy Efficiency can be maximized by utilizing materials and systems that meet the following criteria: Materials, components, and systems that help reduce energy consumption in buildings and facilities. Water Conservation can be obtained by utilizing materials and systems that meet the following criteria: Products and systems that help reduce water consumption in buildings and conserve water in landscaped areas. Affordability can be considered when building product life-cycle costs are comparable to conventional materials or as a whole, are within a project-defined percentage of the overall budget. 2. Reduced energy use:Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors.

Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads.Finally, onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building. 4. Reduced waste:Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Grey water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process. IMPACT OF CEMENT PRODUCTION OVER ENVIROINMENT:During the production of cement Co2 is released which is one of the most important green house gases & responsible for global warming. PRODUCTION OF CEMENT/POPULATION:-

COUNTRY

PRODUCTION (millions/tonnes)

POPULATION (millions) 1299 1065 293 127 49 144 40 184

AMOUNT OF CEMENT(PERHEAD)(kg) 654 103 331 543 1224 319 1000 206

China India USA Japan South korea Russia Spain Brazil

850 110 97 69 60 46 40 38

EMISSION OF CO2 IN TONNES/CAPITA/YEAR9 USA CANADA CHINA INDIA 20 3 1 20 This amount of co2 is emitted during the production of cement.This contribute much to global warming.Hence cement is being replaced by the following by-products in a green house.

LATIN AMERICA 3

BY-PRODUCT Fly-ash Slag Lime sludge Gypsum Rice husk ash miscellaneous

BY-PRODUCT SCENARIO SOURCE Thermal plants/Steam boilers Steel plants Paper,Gas,Sugar industries Fertiliser/Chemical industries Rice husk fired boilers Aluminium& others industries

MILLION( TPA) 90 10 5 2 4 9

These products can be effectively made use in the construction of green building.

CERTIFICATION OF GREEN BUILDING:LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is basically a third-party certification program. It is a nationally accepted organization for design, operation and 9

construction of high performance green buildings. This ensures the buildings are environmentally compatible, provide a healthy work environment and are profitable. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), provides a suite of standards for environmentally sustainable construction. Since its inception in 1998, LEED has grown to encompass more than 14,000 projects in the United States and 30 countries covering 1.062 billion square feet (99 km) of development area LEED was created to accomplish the following:

Define "green building" by establishing a common standard of measurement Promote integrated, whole-building design practices Recognize environmental leadership in the building industry Stimulate green competition Raise consumer awareness of green building benefits Transform the building market

Green Building Council members, representing every sector of the building industry, developed and continue to refine LEED. The rating system addresses six major areas:

Sustainable sites Water efficiency Energy and atmosphere Materials and resources Indoor environmental quality Innovation and design process

In LEED 2009 there are 100 possible base points plus an additional 6 points for Innovation in Design and 4 points for Regional Priority. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification:

Certified - 40-49 points Silver - 50-59 points Gold - 60-79 points Platinum - 80 points and above 10

BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDING:Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and building occupants:

Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building. Energy conservation. Improved occupant health and productivity. Lower costs associated with changing space configurations. Greater design flexibility. More eco-friendly. Less use of construction materials. Recycling & Reuse of construction waste. Water conservation.

FINANCIAL BENEFITS :Category Energy Savings $5.80 Emissions Savings $1.20 Water Savings $0.50 Operations and Maintenance Savings Productivity and Health Benefits $55.30 Subtotal to $71.30 Average Extra Cost of Building Green -$5.00) Total 20-year Net Benefit to 11 $50 (-3.00 to $52.90 $8.50 $36.90 to 20-year Net Present Value

RECOMMANDATIONS: Government may provide loans for the construction of green building because

the intial investment for green building is more. So that more number of people get interested in construction of such building Awareness must be created among people regarding green house and its People must be educated about global warming and its ill effects. Special allowances can be provided for the construction companies which It can be included in the syllabus for under-graduate students. benefits.

proceeds with go-green projects

CONCLUSION: The Contribution of Green Building to Environmental Law Amid global warming concerns, the increasing cost of fossil fuels, and the decreasing cost of green building materials, the momentum behind the green building movement continues to grow. Because of its youth, it might be premature to assess the sustainability of green building as a concept, method or movement. Although the informational successes of early green building programs are impressive, we are now only early in the process of exploring what green building concepts are capable of achieving good environment. Much work is yet to be done for GREEN INDIA.. REFERENCES:FROM WEB:www.greenbuilding.com, www.igbc.com, www.leed.com, www.greenconcepts.com, www.sustainableabc.com, www.wealthdaily.com . FROM JOURNALS:ECO-ECHOES, BUILDERS VOICE,CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION,BUILDERS LINE.

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