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Getting Started - Tutorial 1 Objective(s): Getting familiar with PSCAD. Getting familiar with different sections of the Master Library. Different ways to access the master library. Creating a simple case. Data entry. Plotting and control. Interactive controls.
T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As and give the case a name. NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a folder called c:/PscadTraining/Tutorial_01. Save the case as case01.psc T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. Build a case to study the inrush phenomena when energizing a transformer. The component data is as shown. The transformer is rated 66/12.47 kV.
RL
RRL
66 kV BUS
E_66 BRK Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0
Ia
BRK
Y-Y Transformer 7.5 MVA Z = 6.14 % Full load loss = 0.3% No load loss = 0.5% No load current 1 %
1e6
Fig.1 Transformer energizing circuit. T1.3 Plot the currents (Ia) and voltages (E_66) on the HV side of the transformer. Note: Ia and Ea contains the three waveforms of the three phases. 3 / 72
#2
#1
Fig.2 Basic steps to create a graph with a selected signal. T1.4 The LV side of the transformer is not connected to a load or any other system equipment. The breaker is closed at 0.5 s to energize the transformer 66 kV side. Inrush is related to core saturation. Verify that saturation is included in the model used for this simulation. Ask your instructor to explain the large resistance connected to the HV side. Inrush current magnitude depends on the point on wave switching conditions. Use a manual switch to operate the breaker. Note the point on wave dependency of the inrush peak.
Main ... BRK_Control
C O
BRK
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T1.5 Modify the case to include a 12.47 kV/0.5 MVA (Wound rotor type) induction machine. This case will be used to study the process of starting an Induction motor. The component data is as shown.
12.47 kV BUS
81m U/G 54m OH Capacitor 800 KVars per phase 42.5 [uH] 40.94 [uF]
R_C1
EN484
Short line of 7.4 km Z+ = 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m Z0 = 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms/m Use default values for the capacitances
B_mot
0.001
TIN
500 kVA Induction machine. Squerriel Cage Type. 13.8 kV(L-L) 7.697 kV (Phase) Irated = 0.02804 [kA] Inertia = 0.7267 [s] Stator resistance = 0.005 PU Rotor Resistance = 0.008 PU
IM TL S 0 .0
You may use the wire mode to connect different components. T1.6 Enter the component data. Note: Use typical data for the machine. T1.7 Plot the currents on either side of the transformer (ia and ib). T1.8 The input torque to the machine is equal to 80% of the square of the speed. Derive this signal using control blocks. i.e
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Your instructor will explain the calculation program structure of EMTDC and the definition of electric and control type models.
T1.9 The breaker (initially open) should be closed at 0.2s to start the motor. T1.10 Plot the machine speed, the mechanical torque and the developed electric torque. Note: Some variables can be measured from within the component. These are normally listed under the parameter section Internal output variables
If time permits
T1.11 Add a load of 1 MVA at 0.8-power factor at 12.47 kV. The same transformer supplies this load. Does the load see an unacceptable voltage sag during motor start?
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Data:
Motor
500 kVA Induction machine. Wound rotor Type. 13.8 kV(L-L) 7.697 kV (Phase) Irated = 0.02804 [kA] Inertia = 0.7267 [s] Stator resistance = 0.005 PU Rotor Resistance = 0.008 PU
Short Line
Short line of 7.4 km Z+ = 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m Z0 = 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms/m Use default values for the capacitances
Capacitor leg
Capacitor 800 KVars per phase R_C1 42.5 [uH] 40.94 [uF]
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Prepared by: Dharshana Muthumuni Date: August 2005 Revision: 2 Date: Feb 16, 2007
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Tutorial 1 Two Area Power System Initializing the simulation to a specific load flow. T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As and give the case a name. NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a folder called c:/PscadTraining/T_01. Save the case as T_01_a.psc T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. Build a case representing a simplified two area power system as shown in the figure below. A 55 km transmission line connects Station A to a 100 MW wind farm. All other connections to Station A are represented by an equivalent 230 kV source. The equivalent source impedance is derived from a steady state fault study at 60 Hz. The line is represented by its series reactance. The transformer is represented by its impedance, referred to the 230 kV side.
Wind Farm
100 MVA Transformer 33/230 kV, Z = 0.1 pu 0.14 RRL 55 km line 230 kV 0.074
Station A
RL
T1.3 The wind farm is also represented by a network equivalence. The positive sequence impedance of this source at 33 kV is 1 Ohm at 89 deg. NOTE: Referred to the 230 kV side the impedance value Ans:48.577 at 890
T1.4 The voltage behind the equivalent impedance at the wind farm is 35 kV. The phase angle is 7 degrees. Determine the power flow across the line. Note: Converted to the 230 kV side, the equivalent voltage is 243.939 kV at 7 deg Note: The simplified calculations are outlined in the accompanying MathCAD worksheet.
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RL
RRL
T1.5 Plot the power and reactive power flow at both ends of the line. These signals can be obtained from the voltage source models as internal outputs. T1.6 Use proper scale factors inside the Output Channels to convert PU values to MW and MVar. Verify the results. T1.7 How do you change the time step, the simulation time and the plot time? How do you determine the simulation time step? T1.8 Can you save results to external output files for post processing? T1.9 If you specified to write data to output files, where are they located?
The case should be saved as T_01_b.psc before proceeding. Different parts of the simulation model can be arranged inside page modules. PSCAD allows nested page modules. If you make a change to your existing case, PSCAD will identify the page modules where changes took place. Only these modules will be recompiled. (Time savings in large cases) T1.10 Create a page module and include the equivalent source for the wind farm inside this module as shown in the figures 2 and 3. What is the use of the XNODE component? Note: Your instructor will briefly discuss the use of signal transmitters which can also be used to transmit (control) signals from a page to another.
Wind Farm
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RL
RRL
RL
P1 Q1
Fig.3. Subpage
Save the case! The case should be saved as T_01_c.psc before proceeding. T1.11 Modify the source at Station A to control its parameters externally. Add a control panel to specify these values. Can the values be changed during a simulation? Note: Make sure that the angle is specified in degrees (parameter setting inside the source model) Note: Observe the effect of varying the voltage angle/magnitude on P and Q flow
Ph RRL RL
60.0 V
220 -90
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
T1.12 Modify the circuit to include breakers, breaker controls, meters and the PSCAD fault component. The case should look like as shown in figure 5. Plot, E1, I1 and the rms value of E1.
230
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Wind Farm
I1 E1
BRK3 A V RRL Ph F
P2 Q2 I1 E1 E1 Q2
60.0 V BRK1 BRK3 BRK2 Timed Fault Logic Timed Breaker Logic Closed@t0
RL
0 = No Fault 1 = Phase A to Ground 2 = Phase B to Ground 3 = Phase C to Ground 4 = Phase AB to Ground 5 = Phase AC to Ground 6 = Phase BC to Ground 7 = Phase ABC to Ground 8 = Phase AB 9 = Phase AC 10 = Phase BC 11 = Phase ABC
V230
250
FTYPE
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
220
-90
230
Fig.5. Meters, breakers and faults. T1.13 Simulate an A-G fault. The fault inception time is 0.4s. The fault duration is 0.5 s. Note the dc offset of I1. (The dc offset can cause mal-operation of protection due to CT saturation. We will study this in later on as a separate example.)
T1.14 What factors influence the initial dc offset and its rate of decay? Change the fault inception time to 0.404 s and observe the results. T1.15 Breaker 3 is initially closed. Open and close this breaker at 0.5 s and 0.65 s respectively. Save the case! The case should be saved as T_01_d.psc before proceeding. T1.16 Include a FFT block in your simulation cases shown in figure 6. Convert I1 to its sequence components. Verify the results of the FFT for different fault types. Add a poly-meter to observe the frequency spectrum. Note: The instructor will demonstrate the use of the phasor meter.
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1 2 I1 1 I1 2 I1 3 XC XB XA
Mag+ Mag- Mag0 (31) (31) (31) Ph+ (31) FFT Ph(31) F = 60.0 [Hz] dcA dcB Ph0 (31) dcC
Fig.6. FFT Block. T1.17 Load the case T_01_e.psc from the example cases given to you as course material. Study the sequencer units available to define a series of timed events. Save the case!
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Ph
Fig.1 Capacitor banks at Station A. The circuit inside the sub page represents a 230 kV capacitor bank with 4 steps per phase (see attached diagrams). Each step is rated at 25 Mvar/phase. The capacitor banks are solidly grounded. The inrush and the outrush reactors sizes are to be determined so that the switching transients do not exceed the breaker capabilities and are within the IEEE standards. The values of the outrush/inrush reactors have been determined using IEEE C37.06.2000. T2.2 Use manual breaker controls to switch the breakers R1, R2 and R4. Also measure the currents in the breakers. T2.3 Add a timed breaker component to control breaker R3, measure the currents in R3. Note: Discuss with your instructor the purpose of making R3 operation controllable.
RRL RL
F 60.0 V
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T2.4 Add meters to measure the currents and voltages on the system side of the outrush reactor. T2.5 Run the case with R1 closed, R2 and R4 open, and R3 set to close at 0.2 s. T2.6 Observe the peak value and frequency of oscillation of the current in R3. T2.7 Observe the peak value and frequency of oscillation of the current at the outrush reactor. T2.8 Note the differences between (7) and (8). Discuss the results. Important: Ensure that you are using the proper time step and for visualization purposes, the proper plot step! T2.9 A Peak inrush current depends on POW switching. This should be studied to ensure that the breaker meets the TRV and di/dt capabilities. T2.10 Use the Multiple Run component to control the R3 closing time. Also record the currents in Breaker R3 and main feeder current. Set the multiple run to switch for 5 sequential points on the wave. Can we do random switching over a cycle? Can we optimize the run length using a snapshot? Take a snapshot at 0.199sec and the run multiple run for 20 sequential points on the wave. Compare your results with IEEE standard results. Can the simulation time step be changed when the case is run from a snapshot file? T2.11 What are some considerations for the selection of time-step for this type of simulation?
T2.12 EXTRA: Check the impedance spectrum using the Harmonic Impedance component. This is an important step in the design of capacitor banks. The addition of the capacitors can give rise to system resonances that are not acceptable. Is this circuit appropriate to check for system resonances? Why? (not enough details of the system around the Station A bus is included to capture the frequency effects)
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1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Series1
The case should be saved as T_02_b.psc before proceeding. T2.13 Modify the circuit as shown in figure 2 to include surge arrestors. The surge arrestors should protect the capacitors from switching over voltages. Restrike of capacitors breaker can cause large over-voltage transients and is usually the criteria for the selection of MOVs. Discuss the data entry for the MOV model.
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0.00317
kJoules
MOV
T2.13 Breaker R3 is initially closed. It is opened at 0.204 s but re-strikes at 0.2124 s. Observe the energy accumulation in the MOV of phase A. can the MOV handle this energy? Is a statistical study required to design the MOV ratings? Save the case!
R1 R1
R2 R2 R2
R3 R3
R4 R4
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G1 10 [m] C1 C2 5 [m]
G2 10 [m] C3 10 [m]
30 [m]
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Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0 Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0 Wind Farm
GT230
I2 BRK1A E2
BRK2 #1 #2
BRK3 I1 E1 Ph
BRK3
60.0 V RL
Inrush Study: T3.3 Open the breakers #2 and #3. The transformer is energized on no load by closing the breaker #1. Close breaker 1 at 0.15s and observe the inrush currents. T3.4 Add a 1 Ohm resister in series with the 33 kV winding and observe the results. What effect does the resistance have on the decay of the inrush current? T3.5 Does the breaker closing instant influence the magnitude of inrush? Close the breaker at 0.1535 s and observe the current on phase A. T3.6 Enable the single pole operation mode of the breaker. Close the poles at instants when the voltage of the respective phase is at a maximum. Observe results. T3.7 What situation would cause the transformer to saturate on both halves of a voltage cycle? Save the case!
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Line Energizing Study: T3.8 Close breaker # 1 and open breaker # 3. Include the multiple run component to control the operation of breaker #2 which is initially open. The closing instant B1 derived from the multiple run.
E1
overvoltage.out
1 Ch. 1
Meas-Enab . V1 . B1 .
0.15
D + + F B1
B2
Multiple Run
Fig.3. Multiple run component for breaker control. T3.9 The breaker closing instant (B1) should be changed for each run. The breaker is opened 0.15 s after its closing operation. Set the multiple run to switch for 10 sequential points on a 60 Hz waveform. Record the peak voltage E1 at the receiving end. Save the case! The case should be saved as T_03_c.psc before proceeding. Lines on the same right of way: A 130 km transmission line connects the Generating Station C and Station A. This line runs parallel to the 55 km line between Station A and the Wind Farm for 20 km from Station A. The generating voltage is stepped up to the transmission level through an 11/230 kV, Y-Y bank. T3.10 Extend the model to include the 130 km line and the generator as shown in figure 4. The transmission lines are arranged in a sub page as shown in figure 5. Save the case!
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Station C
11/230 kV, 500MVA Z=0.08 PU Three Phase RMS Voltage Meter 3 Phase RMS
RL
RRL
#1
#2 Line_03
BRK3 T lines Timed Breaker Logic Closed@t0 BRK2 E2 Line_01 Line_02 I4 Line_01 Line_02 Line_03 I1
Timed Breaker Logic Closed@t0 GT230 230 kV Voltage support Cap. Bank BRK3 E1 BRK4 E4
BRK2
Ph F 60.0 V
Line_01 Line_02
Line_03
Line_03
Fig.5. Line arrangement inside the sub-page. T3.11 The voltage behind the equivalent source impedance of the voltage source representing the 4 generators at Station C is 12 kV at 21 degrees. T3.12 Use the Mathcad worksheet to verify results. T3.13 Change the configuration of the 11/230 kV transformer to represent a D-Y unit. Adjust the 11 kV source angle to reflect this change.
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Tutorial 4 Wind Generator model and a Soft Start mechanism for the Generator.
T4.1 Create a folder called c:/PscadTraining/T_04. Save the case T_03_c.psc as T_04_a.psc. The wind turbines in the wind farm are driving induction generators operating at 33 kV. The total MVA of the station is 100 MVA. Replace the equivalent source with a detailed model of an induction generator. Assume all generators at the wind farm are operating under identical conditions. The induction generator connection is shown in figure 1.
External rotor resistance
Rrotor Rrotor + Rrotor +
TIME
DIST
Wind... Rrotor
10
+ Q1 P1 P
Rrotor
ohm
Power Q B
StoT
1.0
WIN
W S IM Iabc a TL
-0.8 -0.5
A B
DIST
T4.2 Close breaker #1 at 2 s. Keep all other breakers closed. Assume the machine speed is at 1 pu before closing breaker A. Has the power flow changed? T4.3 Calculate the value of the shunt capacitance required to maintain the original power flow. See Mathcad calculations. Lower the time step to 25 us. T4.4 Will the system be stable if a sudden wind gust causes the input torque to the machine to increase by 60% (or 80 %)?
Save the case! The case should be saved as T_03_b.psc before proceeding.
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T4.5 Discuss how a small wind generator maybe connected to the system. Using BRKA appropriately, connect the wind generator to the system at 1 s. T4.6 Note the line currents on the system side when the wind farm is connected to the system. Change the initial speed of the machine to 0.6 pu and re run the simulation. Note the current transients. A Soft Starter shown in figure 2 is used to limit the starting currents when connecting the induction generators to the system. The back to back thyristors are used to control the voltage applied to the machine while its speed builds up. The firing angle characteristics are given in the table in the file softstart.txt. Model the circuit shown in figure 2. The firing controls for the thyristors are shown in figure 3.
FP1 1 2
ANG BRK_SW
[Windfarm] ANG
T FP3 2 T FP2 2
TIME T
1 BRK_SW
BRK_SW FP5 2 T A ANG 180.0 T B Ctrl BRKA BRK_SW T FP6 2 BRKA NA Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0 Ec Eb Ea NB BRKA ANG1 Ctrl = 1 FP4 2
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ANG_2 ANG_1 H
H L
ANG_3
H L 2 FP5
H L 2 FP6
+ F 180.0
Fig.3. Firing controls. T4.7 Observe the starting currents with and without soft start.
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D + Va C Isa * 0.037 D + Vb C Isb * 0.037 * 0.037 D + Vc C A alfa B 3 to 2 Transform beta Vbeta C Valfa 1 sT sT G 1 + sT G sT 1 + sT
1 sT
Isc
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Objective: Fundamental aspects of Breaker TRV Selection of time step Influence of stray capacitance Influence of loads and losses (resistance) IEEE defined breaker capability curves TRV under fault and normal switching conditions and use of multiple run T1.1 Open the case T_03_a.psc that was completed in Tutorial 3. Rename this as T_03_a_trv.psc. Keep breakers #1, #2 and #3 closed and the capacitor banks open. Run the case and make sure the power flow is as expected. T1.2 Apply a three phase fault to ground at 0.4s. The duration is 1s. T1.3 Open breaker #3 at 0.44 s. Observe the voltage across the breaker poles. T1.4 Discuss the reason for TRV. Now lower the time step to 2 us and observe the results. This will make clear that for TRV studies, a small time step is necessary.
20
TR NV(+) V_E
TRV_E V(-) N
E a
20.0 15.0
TRV_ENV(+)
TRV_ENV(-)
Ea
10
10.0 5.0
0
0.0 y -5.0 -10.0
-10
-20
-15.0 -20.0
-25.0 Fig.1. Breaker0.0340 ... and the IEEE TRV limits 0.021835 TRV 0.0280 0.0300 0.0320 0.021820 0.021825 0.021830
... ...
0.021840
0.021845
T1.5 In TRV studies, the stray capacitances near the breaker must be modeled adequately. How do we determine these values? T1.6 IEEE standards (IEEE C37.011) define the TRV capability curves for different breakers. These limits depend on a number of factors.
Breaker voltage rating Fault current rating Actual fault level
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Open the two PSCAD included with the course material. The two cases are TRV_Case_01.psc and TRV_Case_02.psc. TRV_Case_02.psc is from a low voltage distribution system of a utility in Florida. It was used to identify TRV issues and to identify corrective measures.
T1.7 Observe how the IEEE TRV limits are simulated. T1.8 What are the measures available to reduce TRV levels?
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Induction Machine Dynamics/Transients - Tutorial 1 T1.1 Connect a 13.8 kV, 15 kA induction motor to an infinite bus through a transformer and a breaker. The infinite bus voltage is 66 kV.
Pmot Qmot Power Q B Is BRK 0.001 P 0.0 0.0 TIN 13.8 kV,2.2 kA motor 50.19 MVA, Inertia(J)= 2.2 pu BRK W S TL IM #1 #2 W * TIN W
T1.2 The load torque applied to the motor is related to the motor speed. Derive a control block that will generate a torque signal that is proportional to the speed. (TIN = k*w) T1.3 The motor is to be switched on to the supply using a breaker. Use a two state switch to send a signal to the breaker. T1.4 Observe the starting characteristics. Plot the line current, speed, Electric and mechanical torque and the terminal voltage at the machine. T1.5 What could cause the motor be driven into a generating mode. T1.6 Load the case ind_motor_starting_01.psc.
This case models the loads of an industrial plant. Identify different components in the model.
T1.7 Note the voltage dip during motor starting. Is this a power quality concern? T1.8 What methods can be employed to limit starting transients? T1.9 What could cause the motor be driven into a generating mode.
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T1.10 Induction motor transients can lead to serious power quality issues. The simulation example in case ind_motor_starting_01.psc illustrates the voltage dips seen by the other loads connected to the transformer. Load and run this case. a) Does additional rotor resistance affect the starting transients? b) See the effect of rotating inertia and mechanical damping on the transients. c) What are the typical loads types (characteristics) that are encountered in industry applications? T1.11 Load the case ind_motor_starting_02.psc. Note the load torque profile. Observe the voltage variation at the load terminal.
FP1 1 2 T
T1.12 Soft starting methods such as that shown in Fig 2 are used to limit the starting current of large induction machines. Discuss the current limiting mechanism of this scheme. Load the case ind_motor_starting_03.psc. a) What is the role of the PLL? b) How are signals transmitted from the main page to the sub page? c) Can PSCAD read data from external files? List a few applications where this can be useful? Verify the operation of the soft switch.
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T1.1 The circuit shown below represents the arrangement of a transformer sub-station. This model is used to study the over voltages at a transformers terminal during a lightning strike on a station bus bar.
Stray capacitance of equipment
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0003
0.0003
1 km Transmission Line
1 1
90 m Station Bus
1 1 1
0.0003
10 m Station Bus
1
TA1
TA1
TA1
bYC1
bYC1
bYC1
Va
bYC2
bYC2
bYC2
350.0
350.0
350.0
e TIME
Bx
0.5
eBx
To account for the fundamental frequency voltage component, the dc source is set to peak ac volts.
T1.2 Identify different components of the model T1.3 How do you represent the transformer? Where do you obtain the data? T1.4 How are transmission lines and cables represented for the purpose of this study? Can we justify this representation? T1.5 Does the position of the arrester have an impact on the over-voltage at the transformer? Place the arrester at the transformer terminal and observe the over-voltage. T1.6 What does the dc source represent? T1.7 How do we model the lightening surge? How do we define parameters for the surge?
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Ferro-Resonance Investigation
Objectives:
Transformer parameters Saturation Selection of the simulation time step
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Ferro-resonance - Tutorial 1
T1.1 Open the case ferroresonance.psc. This case is used to study a ferro resonance event during a breaker malfunction.
30MVA Distribution Transformer 230kV/13.2kV, Delta/Wye-Gnd Ztx=7.65%
VbusA VbusB VbusC LINEA B LINEB C LINEC C VPriA VPriB VPriC VSecA VSecB VSecC
A B C
A B C
LINEA
Disable saturation and re run Timing for Line Breaker Phase A: Closed (stuck) Phase B: Opens at 100mSec Phase C: Closed (stuck) Secondary Load Output Voltages
0.0015 BRKC
0.0015 BRKB
BRKA
0.0015
0.350 [MW]
T1.2 Check the data entry for transformer saturation. What do different entries represent? T1.3 Include transformer losses. Do you see a change in results? T1.4 Open the capacitor banks. Are the results different? T1.5 Change the line length and observe the results? T1.6 What effect does the load have on the over voltage transients? T1.7 Are the transients sensitive to the transformer core characteristics?
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T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As and give the case a name. NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a folder called c:/PscadTraining/Faults. Save the case as case01.psc T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. The single line diagram shown below is a part of a substation feeding a shunt reactor. The reactor is modeled in two parts to enable a falut at point B, inside the turns. The component data is as shown. (make the transformer losses zero to limit the number of nodes if using the student version)
Station 115 kV bus
Short line RL RRL #1 #2 0.005 0.1 Ea EL
Y-D Transformer Z = 8% Full load loss = 0.3% No load loss = 0.5% REACTORS
Ir2 0.0125 B 0.0125
Ir1 A
T1.3 Build the case in PSCAD and enter the component data. T1.3 Plot the current IL and the voltage EL. T1.4 Use the fault component to simulate a phase A to ground falut at location A at 0.1s.
IL
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T1.5 Observe the fault curent, IL. What is the reason for the presence of the initial DC exponential component? T1.6 What affects the rate of decay of the DC components. Change the resistance of the short line to 1 Ohm and observe the results. T1.7 Does the instant of the fault inception have an effect on the DC offset.? T1.8 What negative impacts can the DC offset have on the system protection.? T1.9 Connect the phase A line current at point A to the CT model as shown below. The CT ratio is 5:400. The CT burden is 0.15 Ohms in series with 0.8mH. Plot the secondary current and the flux density.
IL1
T1.10 Increase the burden resistance to 4 Ohms and observe the results. Note the half cycle saturation effects due to the dc offset in the primary current. T1.11 The reactor is protected by a differential relay scheme. Use the 2-CT model in PSCAD to connect one phase of the reactor protection scheme.
Ir1 1 Ir2 1
T1.12 Verify the burden current in the differential CT connection for faults at A and B. T1.13 Does the impedance of the connection leads have an effect on the results.? How is this impedance accounted for.? T1.14 Open the case ftdiff.psc. Check the performance of the differential relay during transformer energization.
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T2.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As and give the case a name. NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a folder called c:/PscadTraining/Faults. Save the case as case02.psc T2.2 Open the main page of your new case. Construct the simple two area system shown in the diagram. The voltage sources are set to 230 kV. The inputs to the page module Relay are all real data inputs.
0.1 I1 E 8.0 0.08 2.0 0.02 0.1
ABC->G
Ic I1 1 Ia E 1 Ea Ia Ea Ea 2 Ib 3 Ic Ib Ia Relay Ic Ib
T2.3 Use the modules in the relay section of the master library to construct a simple distance relay. The different modules are shown below.
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FFT Ea
Impedance calculation
Va I + kI
a 0
R X R N X 376.99 N/D D
FFT Ia
FFT
Mho Characteistics
T2.4 Identify the function of each module. T2.5 Verify the operation of the relay.
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Power Quality
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v=
k r
3 m +2
The parameters ki, r and n characterize the arc under a given operating condition. In reality, this V-I characteristic shows much more noise due to the unpredictable and chaotic nature of the load. Fig. 1b shows a more realistic EAF V-I characteristic.
M ain : XY P lot X Axis I2 Y Axis V2
100
+y
75
50
25
-x
+x
-25
-50
-75
-1.00 0.000s
-0.50
-y 0.00 20.000s
0.50
1.50
(a) Ideal
(b) Actual
Arc Data Setting: Parameters k1 to k3 can be selected to obtain the EAF settings, such as active power, reactive power and power factor close to what were measured in the practical system. As the EAF model is sensitive to the system connected, parameters k1 to k3 may need to be re-tuned if the system configuration changes. The EAF model is designed to be able to take the inputs parameters as variables so the optimization routines of PSCAD can be used to expedite the process. Modulation Type setting: The randomness feature of the EAF model is simulated by adding certain sinusoidal and Gaussian noise. The magnitude/frequency of sinusoidal modulation and the standard
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deviation of Gaussian function can be specified. Each phase can be independently controlled.
It is important to note that it is impossible to get a simulation case to match the observed results perfectly due to the nature of the problem. The important thing is to capture the essential features and the trends of a practical arc furnace.
Reference: [1] A Harmonic Domain Computational Package for Non-Linear Problems and its Application to Electric Arcs, E. Acha, A. Semlyen, N. Rajakovic. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,Vol 5, No.3, July 1990.
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FACTS DEVICES
Active Filters Instantaneous Reactive Power Method Synchronous Reference Frame Method
Facts Devices - Tutorial - l Objective: Getting familiar with power electronic firing models Getting familiar with control system building block models Active filter theory
T14.1 Open the two PSCAD cases provided with the course material. The two cases are: Activefilter_SRF.psc Activefilter_IRP.psc They are located in the folder named Active_filter T14.2 The main loads on both these case produce significant harmonics. Study the different models used in the control circuit for the variable speed drive in Activefilter_IRP.psc. T14.3 Study the control technique used in both IRP and SRF methods. T14.4 Study how the current reference PWM is implemented to in the active filter bridge. What is the function of the interpolated firing pulse module?
2 2 2 2
T14.5 Change the parameters of the filters in the control circuit of the active filter and see the change in response. Can we use FFT to extract the frequencies of interest?
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Exercise 1 One machine infinite bus case E1.1 Open the case case_01_startup.psc.
Tim er LRR Tim er S2M 3 Phas e RMS
IF
E1.2 How do you start the machine as a voltage source. How do you switch from a voltage source to a machine rotating at a fixed speed? How do you enable the rotational dynamics of the machine ?
E1.3 What are the functions of signals Ef0 and Tm0 of the synchronous machine model.
E1.4 Set the machine initial voltage magnitude to 1.04 pu and the phase to 0.75 rad.
E1.5 Run the case and note the Power and Reactive Power levels at steady state. Also measure the input torque Tm and the field voltage Ef at steady state.
E1.6 Start the machine in the normal machine mode and observe the results.
E1.7 Use the steady state Tm and Ef values in E5.5 as inputs to Tm and Ef. Start the machine in the machine mode. Observe results.
EF 0.01 C B A
17.32 60.0
V F Ph
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Exercise 2 Initializing the machine to a load flow E2.1 Open the case Gen_Pqini_startmetds_01.psc.
S/H in out hold S2M
Vref0
Vref
Exciter_(AC1A) VT Ef0 IT 3 Ef If
3 Phas e RMS
Ef0 Ef If VT 3 IT A HydroGener Te Tm w Tm Tm 0 TM B C
EF W w z z w
IF
0.01
A B C
Tm s tdy Tm
E2.2 Make sure the machine is rated at 150 MVA, 17.32 kV. It should be connected to an infinite bus rated at the same voltage through a transmission line of inductance 0.01 H. E2.3 Calculate the machine terminal voltage in PU and the phase angle in radians, if the steady state power and reactive power flow is 54 MW and 27 MVar respectively. E2.4 Set the machine initial conditions so that the simulation will give the correct steady state P and Q flow. E2.5 How are the governor, turbine and the exciter initialized? E2.6 Start the machine as a source and simulate the case. E2.7 Start the simulation with the machine in the normal machine mode. What additional initial conditions are to be supplied to the machine?
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Small signal stability: Ex_Smallsignal.psc Ex_Smallsignal_exciter.psc (The machine parameters and the system parameters are as given in the book, Power System Stability and Control by Prabha Kundur. The steady state P and Q values are 0.9 and 0.3 respectively. The oscillation frequency, upon a small disturbance is around 1 Hz and agrees with the Eigen Value calculation.)
These cases illustrate the oscillations in a system when a small disturbance is applied. The oscillation frequencies are in agreement with frequency domain Eigan value calculations. Does machine parameters affect the oscillation frequency? Does the machine inertia affect the oscillation frequency? Does the load flow condition effect the oscillation frequency?
Critical clearing time for faults: Ex_fault_exciter.psc Critical clearing time for this fault is 0.1 if the regulator gain is over 400. For values less than 400, the system becomes unstable. Try different fault clearing times and exciter gains to see how they are related. Power System Stabilizer: Ex_pss_tune.psc The system shown in this case is unstable if run without a power system stabilizer. Run the case with a constant field voltage and see if the system is stable. This will verify that the instability is due to the exciter action. Can we make the system stable by reducing the exciter gain? Design a power system stabilizer (PSS) to minimize the speed change upon a disturbance. Use the optimization method of PSCAD to design the PSS parameters.
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Objectives:
Getting familiar with building large systems in PSCAD Using E-TRAN to convert PSS/E data files Guidelines to determine detailed network for EMT study Validation of developed model
T1.1 Create two cases with E-TRAN for the IEEE 39 bus systems: one using only the .raw file and the other including the dynamic data .dyr file. - Practice with the selection of zone/area/bus/proximity/ - Network equivalences - Manual modifications required for EMT study purpose
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T1.2 E-TRAN Runtime Library for PSCAD and custom substitution libraries - Series components (Tline/Transformer) and shunt components (generator) - Use of the sample substitution library
EnabExc VREF VCT Enab Vref 0.0 VS Ef0 EF0 E Exciter VREF is loadflow term inal voltage... E 0.9972 Volts (pu) VREF TE G 1 + sT IEEET1 VS 3 VT IT 3 1 VT Vm G 1 + sT
4.1825 Angle(deg) 632.0 / 1.0 Pout(MW) 109.911 / 1.0 Qout(MVAR) Initial Conditions from Loadflow
Tm 0
G 1 + sT
TM0
TM TM0 IEEEG1
EnabGov
1.0
Fig. 2: Detailed machine mode in the substitution library for EMT study
Direct conversion of the PSS/E file: Basic steps E-TRAN Runtime Library for PSCAD and E-TRAN custom substitution libraries Network equivalences Guidelines to determine the extent of the network to be modeled in detail Model validation Importing dynamic data from the PSS/E *.dyr file
The IEEE 39-bus system (see Figure 1) is used as the base case to illustrate the PSS/E to PSCAD conversion process. The IEEE 39-bus system is a standard system used for testing new power systems simulation methodologies. It was created based on a simplified model of the New England power system. The 39-bus system has 10 generators, 19 loads, 36 transmission lines and 12 transformers. The conversion of the system into PSCAD is achieved through E-TRAN, a program developed by Electranix Corporation. In addition to converting PSS/E data into PSCAD cases, this program offers many powerful features that could be manipulated by the simulation engineer to reduce the time spent on a study. The softwares most relevant features are outlined in this document.
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BUS29 T E_26_29_1
230.0 : 230.0 1 E
A V
T E_26_28_1
T E_28_29_1
VBUS38
BUS37
BUS26
VBUS37
T E_25_26_1
A V
T E_26_27_1
GEN 9
BUS30
VBUS24
100.0 25.0
P,Q E Load
VBUS30
T E_2_25_1 BUS27
VBUS27 VBUS18
BUS18
T E_16_24_1
BUS2
VBUS2
T E_2_3_1
T E_3_18_1
T E_17_18_1
VBUS16
100.0 25.0
P,Q E Load
T E_16_19_1
BUS3
BUS15 BUS17
T E_21_22_1
VBUS3
T E_3_4_1
VBUS15
VBUS19
T E_14_15_1 T E_4_14_1
T E_1_2_1 BUS4
A V VBUS35 VBUS22
T E_22_23_1
VBUS36
A V
BUS5 BUS1
VBUS5 VBUS1
GEN 4
GEN 7
T E_13_14_1 BUS12
BUS34
BUS6 T E_1_39_1
VBUS34 A V
VBUS6
T E_5_8_1 T E_6_7_1 T E_6_11_1
GEN 5
BUS7
VBUS39
BUS39
T E_7_8_1
A V
BUS11
BUS13
BUS8
VBUS13
VBUS8
T E_9_39_1 T E_8_9_1
VBUS11
GEN 1
BUS31
VBUS31
BUS10
BUS9
VBUS9
A V
BUS32
VBUS32 A V
GEN 3
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A V
P,Q E Load
230.0 : 230.0 1 E
VBUS17
230.0 : 230.0 1 E
230.0 : 230.0 1 E
100.0 25.0
T E_4_5_1
VBUS33
BUS36
E <-- 100 --> T-Line Line1 E 100.0 P,Q E Load 25.0 230.0 : 230.0 1 E
The conversion process will generate a PSCAD (*.psc) file in the specified location. The network equivalent sources will have their magnitudes and phase angles automatically set for the same power flow as in the original PSS/E file.
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Open PSCAD Load the E-TRAN Runtime substitution library Load the PSCAD case Verify the load flow results
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library. Fortunately, E-TRAN allows the user to create a user substitution library where any additional information will have to be entered by the users only once, when the component is used the first time. An example that calls for the use of the custom substitution library could be a transmission line, where the PI section or the Bergeron models used to represent it may have to be replaced by a more accurate frequency dependant model, which will require specific information on the tower, conductor and right of way dimensions. In the custom substitution library the user can predefine the substitution of a specific system component to be done with a pre-filled out PSCAD master library component (or a user built component) by referencing to the bus number they are connected to (see Figure 4)
E
T B_456_ B_822_T1
A detailed frequency dependant TLine From bus 456 to bus 822, Circuit T1
The construction of the custom library will require a significant investment of time for large networks. However, once it is completed, you can convert any part of your network without having to do any manual data entry. This was identified as a key time saving feature by large utilities and consultants who are required to work on different parts of large networks when undertaking different projects.
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Convert the PSS/E file to PSCAD, keeping the details 2 or 3 buses away from the main point of interest and equivalencing the rest. Use the frequency scan component of PSCAD to plot the impedance vs. frequency characteristic of this system at the bus concerned. Reconvert the PSS/E file, this time, keeping the details of one more bus away than in the earlier step. Plot the impedance vs. frequency characteristics of this system at the bus concerned and compare with the first plot. Repeat the process until the differences in frequency characteristics are minor in the frequency range of interest. Adding more details of the network beyond this point is unlikely to improve results.
Z(f)
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Figure 6 Frequency scans 2, 3, 6 buses away at bus No. 15 for the system under study
Figure 6 shows the use of the frequency scan feature. Here different network equivalents were constructed using E-TRAN for the IEEE 39 bus system at bus No. 15 for 2, 3, 6 buses away (with 6 buses away comprising the whole network). These network equivalents were created using the load flow data file only (*.raw). It can be observed that the frequency spectrums of the equivalent networks start providing a good approximation for the whole network starting at 4 buses away.
Validation
A quick method to validate the simplified equivalent system provided by E-TRAN is to compare the values calculated by PSCAD for node voltages, transmission line load flows or P, Q flows at generation busses with the ones previously calculated by PSS/E. For such purpose, use the multi-meter to display the voltage at the node of concern and the P and Q flows in the respective transmission line. Then, display the same information for such node in the PSS/E load flow utility. The converted PSCAD case will have auto generated labels that display the P, Q flows at generation buses. Figure 7 shows the PSS/E and PSCAD results for the voltage magnitude and angle at node 15 as well as the P and Q flows for the nodes 15 to 16 transmission line.
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15 16
LBUS15 LBUS16
345 345
AREA 1
CKT 1 1
MW
MVAR
MVA 349.3
%I
-314.7 -151.7
Z(f)
LBUS15 N15
-7.74857
T E_15_16_1
Short-circuit level calculation at certain buses for the converted PSCAD case is also recommended. The short-circuit results can be compared to those from the PSS/E study or utility system data for validation purpose. Once the PSCAD system has been validated, it is ready to be used for transient studies.
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EnabExc VREF VCT Enab Vref 0.0 VS Ef0 G 1 + sT IEEET1 VS 3 EF0 E VT EF IT IF 3 Ef If Ef0 A Ef If V E TE Te GENROU Tm w Tm E Wpu TM W EnabGov TM TM0 IEEEG1 Tm 0 G 1 + sT TM0 E
Exciter VREF is loadflow term inal voltage... E 0.9972 Volts (pu) 4.1825 Angle(deg) 632.0 / 1.0 Pout(MW) 109.911 / 1.0 Qout(MVAR) Initial Conditions from Loadflow VREF
1 VT
Vm G 1 + sT
1.0
Figure 8 Detailed synchronous machine model automatically generated by E-TRAN with parameters taken from the PSS/E *.dyr and *.raw files
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LBUS01 N1
T E_1_2_1
LBUS02 N2
T E_2_3_1
LBUS03 N3
T E_3_4_1
LBUS04 N4
T E_2_25_1
LBUS25 N25
T E_25_26_1
540.0 0.445
~
E_37_0_1
E 250.0 146.154
T E_9_39_1
E_8_9_1
E_30_0_1 LBUS08 T N8
E_39_0_1
Figure 9 IEEE 39 bus system converted to PSCAD for bus No. 1 (3 nodes away) A subsequent validation document will discuss the conversion process in more detail. This will include a discussion on importing dynamic devices, saturation and comparison of low frequency transients with transient stability results.
References
[1] Electranix Corporation E-TRAN V1.1: Electrical Translation Program for Power Systems. Users Manual February 2003 Prepared by: Juan Carlos Garcia Dharshana Muthumuni Pei Wang
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PSCAD Advanced Training - Tutorial 1 Adder Purpose: To get familiar with the Component Workshop (or the design editor). Create input/output nodes. Get familiar with the graphic, Parameters and the script sections of the editor.
Create a library file. Use the component workshop to create a simple control block to do the following computation.
K1 A + K 2 B = C A and B - External inputs K1 and K2 Internal parameters C Output Include the component in a case and verify its accuracy Modify the component so that K1 and K2 can be entered as variables. Verify the modified component.
A Adder B C
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PSCAD Advanced Training - Tutorial 2 Integrator Purpose: Calling external subroutines. Storing data for computations in following (future) time steps.
The block should perform the following function
y = xdt
x input y output To keep things simple, use rectangular integration.
y (t ) = y (t t ) + x(t ) t This will require the storage of past value of y. Allow for the input of initial value of y. Use an external FORTRAN Subroutine to do the calculations.
Integrator x y
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PSCAD Advanced Training - Tutorial 3 Electrical Component Transformer (coupled wires) Purpose: Design an electrical component. Using branch and transformer sections of the script
Design a model of two magnetically coupled wires. The model is to be interfaced with other electrical components in the master library. The inductances and resistances are the inputs.
va La Mab d ia Ra vb = Mab Lb dt ib + o
Use the transformers section to enter the L and R values. Connect the model to a source and verify the model.
a1 b1 a2 b2
o ia Rb ib
Use the Branch section to add stray capacitance between the wires on the input side.
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PSCAD Advanced Training - Tutorial 4 Electrical Component A simple DC Machine Purpose: Interface an electric component as a voltage source. (Branch based interface)
Design a simple model of a DC machine. Field circuit - Series L and R Armature circuit A series branch of L, R and a voltage source of magnitude Eb. Eb = k _ w w = speed 150 k _ = 1 e if / kf 188.5 if Field current kf Input parameter (constant) The inductances and resistances are the other inputs.
f1 a1 a2
f2
Simple DC Machine w
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FORTRAN CODES
Integrator:
! SUBROUTINE INTEGRATOR(x,y,YINI) ! ! Purpose - integration of a real signal ! Language - Fortran 77/90 ! Date ! Author ! ! Include Files ! ------------INCLUDE 'nd.h' INCLUDE 's1.h' INCLUDE 'emtstor.h' ! ! Variable Declarations ! --------------------REAL x,y,YINI REAL YOLD INTEGER ISTORF ! ! Program begins ! -------------! ISTORF = NSTORF NSTORF = NSTORF + 1 ! it is good to assign NSTORF to ISTORF and ! have all the user assigned STORx locations at the ! top, then you can even use the other functions ! available in EMTDC in your code without worrying ! about which STORx locations are ! used by them YOLD = STORF(ISTORF) ! here NSTORF points to the first STORF location ! used in the routine, in the old method in V2, NEXC ! pointed to the last STOR location in the previously ! called subroutine/function. Y = x*DELT + YOLD ! output at time zero IF (TIMEZERO) THEN Y = YINI ENDIF ! save the data for next time step STORF(ISTORF) = y ! RETURN END
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Simple DC Machine:
SUBROUTINE SIMPLEDC(Kf,w,A1A2,F1F2,SS) ! Dharshana : 04 Aug 2002 INCLUDE 'nd.h' INCLUDE 's0.h' INCLUDE 's1.h' INCLUDE 's2.h' INCLUDE 'branches.h'
! !
! !
Read the field current and the armature current during the previous time step Ifld=CBR(F1F2,SS)*1000
! ! ! !
Define the noload excitation charactersitics for the machine k_pi = (150/188.5)*(1 -EXP(-Ifld/Kf)) EBR(A1A2,SS)=-k_pi*w/1000
! RETURN END !
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Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc. 244 Cree Crescent Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3W1 T 204 989 1240 F 204 989 1277 sales@pscad.com www.hvdc.ca
That concludes the Introduction to PSCAD and Applications course. Thank you for your attention and participation. As you work with PSCAD in the future, please remember we are available to provide assistance with any simulation or modeling difficulties you may encounter. Please do not hesitate to contact us at: support@pscad.com
As well, additional training courses are available, please refer to www.pscad.com for more information. We are also able to offer customized courses to suit your specific requirements. Please do not hesitate to contact us for more information at: info@pscad.com
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