MATHEMATICS [FBM 124]

Chapter 3 Derivatives Continued

45


3.1 Derivatives with Logarithmic Functions
The derivatives of the logarithmic functions are given as follows:

a)
1 1
(ln ) . ( )
d d
x x
dx x dx x
= =
b)
1 '( )
(ln ( )) . ( ( ))
( ) ( )
d d f x
f x f x
dx f x dx f x
= =
c)
( 1)
(ln ( )) .ln ( ). (ln ( ))
n n
d d
f x n f x f x
dx dx

=


Example 1:
Find
2
ln(4 )
d
x
dx
.
2 2
2 2
1 1 2
ln(4 ) . (4 ) .8
4 4
d d
x x x
dx x dx x x
= = =

Example 2:
2
( ) (ln 3 ) f x x = . Find '( ) f x .
2 (2 1)
1 1 2
(ln (3 )) 2ln 3 . (ln3 ) 2ln3 . 3 2ln3 . ln(3 )
3
d d d
x x x x x x x
dx dx x dx x x

(
= = = =
(




Find derivatives of the function below:
a)
4
( ) ln(7 ) f x x = b)
5
3
( ) ln h t t
| |
=
|
\ .




MATHEMATICS [FBM 124]

Chapter 3 Derivatives Continued

46

c)
4 2
ln (5 ) y p = c)
1
( ) ln
5
g x
x
| |
=
|
\ .


Ans: a)
4
'( ) f x
x
= b)
5
'( )
3
h t
t
= c)
3 2
8ln (5 )
'
p
y
p
= d)
1
'( ) g x
x
=


3.2 Derivatives with Exponential Functions
The derivatives of the exponential functions are given as follows:

a) ( ) ( )
x x x
d d
e e x e
dx dx
= =
b)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ( )) '( )
f x f x f x
d d
e e f x e f x
dx dx
= =

Example 1:
Find
4
( )
x
d
e
dx
.
4 4 4
( ) (4 ) 4
x x x
d d
e e x e
dx dx
= =

Example 2:
Find
2
2
( )
x
d
e
dx

.
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) ( 2 ) 4
x x x
d d
e e x xe
dx dx

= =





MATHEMATICS [FBM 124]

Chapter 3 Derivatives Continued

47


Find derivatives of the function below:
1)
5
3
( ) 2
x
f x e = 2)
5
2
( )
x
h x
e
=
3)
ln
( )
s
g s e = 4) ( )
t
r t e =

Ans: 1)
5
4 3
'( ) 30
x
f x x e = 2)
5
10
'( )
x
h x
e
= 3)
ln
1
'( )
s
g s e
s
= 4) '( )
2
t
e
r t
t
=


3.3 Related Rates
Strategy for Solving Related-Rates Problems
1. Assign a variable to each quantity.
2. Write the given values of the variables and their rates of change with respect to t.
3. Find an equation giving the relationship between the variables.
4. Differentiate both sides of the equation implicitly with respect to t.
5. Replace the variables and their derivatives by the numerical data found in Step 2,
and solve the equation for the required rate of change.

Example 1
The width of a rectangle increases at a rate of 2.5 cm/s. The length is four times its
width. Find the rate at which the area is increasing when its width is 5.5 cm.

Solution
Given 2.5
dw
dt
= cm/s, find
dA
dt
when x = 5.5 cm
w
4w



MATHEMATICS [FBM 124]

Chapter 3 Derivatives Continued

48

Therefore,

2
5
4
8 .
x
A w
dA dw
w
dt dt
=
=
=

= 8(5.5).(2.5)
= 110 cm/s

Example 2
The volume of water in hemispherical bowl of radius 30 cm is given by
( )
2 3
1
36
3
V x x t = where x cm is the depth of the water. If the water is poured in at a
constant rate of 10 cm/s, at what rate is the level rising when the depth is 8 cm?

Solution
Given 10
dV
dt
= cm/s , find
dx
dt
when x = 8 cm

Therefore,

( )
( )
( )
2 3
2
2
8
1
36
3
1
72 3 .
3
1
.
1
72 3
3
x
V x x
dV dx
x x
dt dt
dx dV
dt dt
x x
t
t
t
=
=
=
=

( )
2
1
10.
1
72(8) 3(8)
3
t
=

= 0.025 cm/s




MATHEMATICS [FBM 124]

Chapter 3 Derivatives Continued

49


3.4 Application in Business and Economics
Many situations in the world can be modelled mathematically. Calculus can be used to
analyse changes that have taken place or may take place in the future in any relation
modelled using a continuous function. Lets consider the following example.

Example 1
A study prepared for the National Association of Realtors estimates that the number of
housing starts in the southwest, ( ) N t (in units of a million), over the next 5 years is
related to the mortgage rate ( ) r t (percent per year) by the equation
2
9 36 N r + =
What is the rate of change of the number of housing starts with respect to time when the
mortgage rate is 11% per year and is increasing at the rate of 1.5% per year?

Solution
Given 1.5%
dr
dt
= per year , find
dN
dt
when r = 11% per year
Therefore, when r = 11

2
9 36 N r + =
2
9 11 36 N + =
18 0
dN dr
N
dt dt
+ =
5
3
N = (reject the negative root)

18
dr
dN
dt
dt N

=

1.5
0.05
5
18.
3
dN
dt

= = (The number of housing starts is decreasing at the rate

of 50,000 units per year)



MATHEMATICS [FBM 124]

Chapter 3 Derivatives Continued

50

Example 2
Matle Inc., a manufacturer of disk drives is willing to make x thousand 16GB USB flash
drives available in the marketplace each week when the wholesale price is $p per drive.
It is known that the relationship between x and p is governed by the supply equation
2 2
3 5 x xp p + =
How fast is the supply of drives changing when the price per drive is $11, the quantity
supplied is 4500 drives, and the wholesale price per drive is increasing at the rate of
$0.10 per drive each week?

Solution
Given 0.10
dp
dt
= , find
dx
dt
when p = 11 and x = 4.5

Therefore,

2 2
3 5 x xp p + =
2 3 2 0
dx dx dp dp
x p x p
dt dt dt dt
| |
+ + =
|
\ .


(2 3 )
(2 3 )
dp
p x
dx
dt
dt x p

=

( )
( )
2(11) 3(4.5) .(0.10)
2(4.5) 3(11)
dx
dt

=

0.035
dx
dt
=
Thus, the supply of drives is increasing at the rate of (0.035)(1000), or 35, drives per
week.






MATHEMATICS [FBM 124]

Chapter 3 Derivatives Continued

51


1. Oil spilled from a ruptured tanker spread in a circle whose area increases at a
constant rate of 6 m/h. How fast is the radius of the spill increasing when the area is
9 m. (Hint: Area = r)
2. Suppose the quantity demanded weekly of the Hyper Titan tyres is related to its unit
price by the equation
2
144 p x + = where p is measured in RM and x is measured in
units of a thousand. How fast is the quantity demanded weekly changing when x = 9
and p = 175, and the price per tyre is increasing at the rate of RM10/week?
3. Suppose the wholesale price of a certain brand of Grade B eggs p (in RM per
carton) is related to the weekly supply x (in thousands of cartons) by the equation
2 2
625 100 p x = . If 20,000 cartons of eggs are available at the beginning of a certain
week and the weekly supply is falling at the rate of 1000 cartons/week, at what rate
is the wholesale price changing?
4. At a distance of 4000 meter from the launch site, a spectator is observing a rocket
being launched. If the rocket lifts off vertically and is rising at a speed of 600 m/s
when it is an altitude of 3000 meter, how fast is the distance between the rocket and
the spectator changing at that instant?

Ans: 1) 0.57
dr
dt
= m/h 2)
5
9
dx
dt
= (Dropping at the rate 555 tyre/week) 3) 35.77
dp
dt
=
(Increasing at the rate 3.5 cents carton/week) 4) 360
dx
dt
= m/s