Monera The monera are the simplest of organisms, almost all microscopic.

Each individual is just one prokaryotic cella cell that has no membrane bound nucleus or organelles; that is, there are no structures inside the cell. Some monera can produce their own food by photosynthesis (using energy from the sun to produce food) like plants do, but many cannot. Some have whip like flagella that allow them to move. Bacteria and blue-green bacteria belong to the monera. Since the adoption of the five kingdoms, science has determined that some prokaryotes are so different from the rest that the kingdom must be subdivided. These organisms, which evolved along a completely different route, tend to live in extremely harsh environments. They are called archaeobacteria (sometimes spelled archeobacteria). Thus, the kingdom monera may soon be divided into two: archeobacteria and eubacteria, making six kingdoms. Protista Like the monera, protista are single-celled organisms; however, the major difference is the organization of the cell. Protista are eukaryotes: a eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles inside, separate from the rest of the cell contents. Most protista can move. Some produce their own food by photosynthesis; others must ingest other living things. Amoebae, some algae, diatoms and other organisms belong to the protista. Fungi Fungi include both single-celled (yeasts) and multicellular (molds, mushrooms etc.) organisms that are generally visible to the naked eye. Some are quite large. Fungal cells have nuclei; however, they dont move on their own, nor do they make their own food. Most fungi get nutrients from decaying organic material. Plantae Plantae includes the plants: living things that dont move, and that produce their own food through photosynthesis. Plants are multicellular, composed of eukaryotic cells. Plants are generally green, visible to the naked eye, and found in great diversity in many environments on Earth Animalia Animals belong to animalia: multicellular (eukaryotic) organisms that move about and must obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. Kingdom animalia includes familiar organisms such as mammals, birds, and reptiles, but also less typical things like jellyfish.

What is Lyme disease? What causes Lyme disease? Lyme disease is a bacterial illness caused by a bacterium called a "spirochete." In the United States, the actual name of the bacterium is Borrelia burgdorferi. In Europe, another bacterium, Borrelia afzelii, also causes Lyme disease. Certain ticks found on deer harbor the

bacterium in their stomachs. Lyme disease is spread by these ticks when they bite the skin, which permits the bacterium to infect the body. Lyme disease is not contagious from an affected person to someone else. Lyme disease can cause abnormalities in the skin, joints, heart, and nervous system. What are Live Attenuated Vaccines?

Live attenuated vaccines are created by weakening infectious organisms that can still replicate and induce protective immune responses without causing disease in the host. Vaccination with the live but attenuated organism generates an immune response that protects the vaccinated person against severe disease or even infection. Live attenuated vaccines are created by weakening infectious organisms that can still replicate and induce protective immune responses without causing disease in the host. Vaccination with the live but attenuated organism generates an immune response that protects the vaccinated person against severe disease or even infection. Live attenuated vaccines use live organisms that have been weakened so that they are avirulent, meaning they are unable to cause disease. Attenuation can be achieved in several ways: Naturally occurring related organisms that are avirulent in humans, including host range restricted organisms or naturally occurring avirulent strains Multiple rounds of growth of virulent organisms under conditions that weaken the organism such as in tissue culture or harsh physical conditions Genetic manipulation of the organism to reduce virulence

Live attenuated vaccines represent one of the first successful methods of vaccination. In the 18th century, the British doctor Edward Jenner used cowpox virus to vaccinate children against the devastating disease smallpox. This vaccination strategy was based on the observation that milkmaids, who were often exposed to cowpox in their work, rarely got smallpox. Eventually cowpox was replaced by the related vaccinia virus. The vaccinia and cowpox viruses are highly related to the smallpox virus but cause minimal or mild disease in humans with a high degree of cross protection against smallpox. Using the vaccinia virusbased vaccine, smallpox was successfully eradicated in the late 1970s. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, the cell structure that is the site of protein synthesis in all living cells. Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and interacts with tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity. The tRNAs bring the necessary amino acids corresponding to the appropriate mRNA codon. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from aDNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes. In the ribosomes, the mRNA is translatedinto a

polymer of amino acids: a protein. (This process is sometimes referred to as the central dogma of molecular biology.) Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 73 to 93 nucleotides in length, that is used in biology to bridge the four-letter genetic code (ACGU) in messenger RNA (mRNA) with the twenty-letter code of amino acids in proteins. The role of tRNA as an adaptor is best understood by considering its three-dimensional structure.