Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Course Semester Subject Unit Title Lecture No

: BCA :3 : Computer Oriented Numerical Methods : Errors and Computation :1

Subject Code : BC0043 Unit Number : 1

Lecture Title : Errors and Computation topics

C o n f i d e NEXTl HOME n t i a

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Errors and Computation

Topics Covered: Introduction Mathematical Preliminaries Significant Digits or Significant Figures Class Summary

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Introduction

Numerical computing is an approach for solving complex mathematical problems using only simple basic arithmetic operations (The basic arithmetic operations used in computers are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division).

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Mathematical Preliminaries

Theorem: If f(x) is continuous in a x b and if f(a) and f(b) are of

opposite signs, then f(c) = 0 for atleast one number c such that f (c) = 0.

Rolles Theorem: If f(x) is (i) continuous in [a,b]

(ii) differentiable in (a,b) (iii) f(a) = f(b) then c (a,b) such that f(c) = 0

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Mathematical Preliminaries

Generalized Rolles Theorem:

Let f(x) be a function which is n times differentiable on [a,b]. If f(x) vanishes at the (n + 1) distinct points x0, x1,.,xn in (a,b) , then there exists a number c in (a,b) such that f n(c) = 0.

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Mathematical Preliminaries

Intermediate Value Theorem:

Let f(x) be continuous in [a,b] and k be any number between f(a) and f(b). Then there exists a number c in (a,b) such that f(c) = k.

Example: f(x) = x2 + x + 1 f(0) = 0 + 0 1 = - 1 < 0 f(1) = 1 + 1 1 = 1 > 0 Here f(x) = x2 + x + 1 is a continuous function and f(0), f(1) are of different signs, therefore atleast one real root lies between 0 and 1.

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Mathematical Preliminaries

Lagranges Mean Value Theorem:

If f(x) is (i) continuous in [a,b] and (ii) differentiable in (a,b) then there exists atleast one value c in (a,b) such that

f (c) =

f (b) f (a ) ba

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Mathematical Preliminaries

Taylors Series for a Function of One Variable:

If f(x) is continuous and possesses continuous derivatives of order n in an interval that includes x = a, then in that interval

( x a) 2 ( x a ) n 1 f ( x) = f (a ) + ( x a) f (a) + f (a ) + .... + f 2! (n 1)! ( x a) n n where Rn ( x) = f ( ) , a < < x n!

n 1

( a ) + Rn ( x )

Maclaurins Expansion:
Taylors series at the origin

x2 xn n f ( x) = f (0) + xf (0) + f (0) + ...... + f (0) + ..... 2! n!

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Significant Digits or Significant Figures

There are two kinds of numbers, exact and approximate numbers. The numbers like 1, 2, 3, numbers.

1 (= 0.5), 3 (= 1.5), ... are treated as exact 2 2

Thus numbers representing the given numbers to a certain degree of accuracy are called approxim ate numbers. For example, the approximate value of is 3.1416.

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Significant Digits or Significant Figures

Definition:
The digits that are used to express a number are called significant digits or significant figures. The significant figures of a number are defined as follows: Rule 1: If the number does not have any decimal point, the significant figures of the number are the digits counted from the first non-zero digit on the left to the last non-zero digit on the right. The number 23060 has four significant figures.

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

10

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Significant Digits or Significant Figures

Rule 2: If the number has a decimal point, the significant figures of the number are the digits counted from the first non-zero digit on the left to the last digit on the right side. The number, 2100.4, has five significant figures Note: The following statements describe the notion of significant digits, All non-zero digits are significant All zeros occurring between non-zero digits are significant digits.

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

11

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Significant Digits or Significant Figures

3.Trailing zeroes following a decimal point are significant. Example: 3.500, 45.00 and 0.7350 have four significant digits each. 4. Zeros between the decimal point and preceding a non-zero digit are not significant Example: 0.0001456, 0.004006, 0.04587 have four significant digits. 5. When the decimal point is not written, trailing zeros are not considered to be significant. Example: 4500 may be written as 45 102 and contains only two significant digits but 4500.0 contains four significant digits.

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

12

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Significant Digits or Significant Figures

Example: 1. 7.560 has four significant digits 2. 25000 has two significant digits 3. 2.0004 has six significant digits 4. 0.04500 has four significant digits 5. 0.0201 has three significant digits

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

13

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Significant Digits or Significant Figures

Accuracy refers to the number of significant digits in a value. Example: The number 57.396 is accurate to five significant digits.

Precision refers to the number of decimal positions, i.e. the order magnitude of the last digit in a value. Example: The number 57.396 has precision of 0.001 or 10.

Con iden NEXT PREVIOUS fHOMEt i a l

14

Unit-1: Errors and Computation

Class Summary

Introduction Mathematical Preliminaries Significant Digits or Significant Figures

PREVIOUSeHOME Confid ntial

15