Executive Summary

The four numerical methods that were given must be precisely concise and be accurate enough to each other. Otherwise, the calculation is wrong and must take appropriate action in order to accomplish it better. All of the methods must have the same h and tk so that the graph will not produce a curve that is not close to each other. The reader must also know that even they change the value of h and tk in these four numerical methods; they can still get the same shape of curve. The only difference will be the value of the starting point of the graph.

The

Euler method is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary

differential equations with a given initial value. The Euler method is a first-order method, which means that the local error is proportional to the square of the step size, and the global error is proportional to the step size. Consider the problem of calculating the shape of an unknown curve which starts at a given point and satisfies a given differential equation. Here, a differential equation can be thought of as a formula by which the slope of the tangent line to the curve can be computed at any point on the curve, once the position of that point has been calculated. In Euler method, in order to solve the initial value problem, we have to use the formula y(k+1) = y(k) + h f( tk , yk) and using our given problem. In our problem we

have the function of x and the function of y, solving two Euler methods. First, we have to indicate the value of h which is constant and given in our problem. After having the constant value of h we solve the value for tk which is needed for our Euler equation. To solve the tk we have to add the value of h and the initial value of t. We solved now the value for our euler equation for our x and y by using the value of the given initial values for x and y and using and value of tk and h. We get a equations of xk+1 = xk + (2x + 3y) and for yk+1 = yk + (2x + y).

After solving the euler we solve now the value for our exact equation using the equation in our Differential equations and Laplace Transformation. After solving it we the exact solution we have to compare it with the euler equation in order to have the difference between the two equation.

The RungeKutta methods is a method of numerically integrating ordinary differential equations by using a trial step at the midpoint of an interval to cancel out lower-order error terms. An important family of implicit and explicit iterative methods for the approximation of solutions of ordinary differential equations. The RK4 function uses the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to advance a solution to a system of ordinary differential equations one time-step H, given values for the variables Y and their derivatives Dydx known at X. Using four equation to solve the value for x and y, we use the formula f1 = f ( tk , yk ) then using f2 = f ( tk+ h/2 , yk + h/2 f1) to solve the second then the third f3 = f ( tk + h/2 , yk + h/2 f2 ) and finally the fourth f4 = f ( tk + h , yk + h f3 ). Then we use the formula y(k+1) = y(k) + h/6 ( f1 + 2 f2 + 2 f3 + f4 )/2 to get the RK4 of x and for y.

Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with its inverse, differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. In numerical analysis, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) is an approximate technique for calculating the definite integral. This method aims to help the reader to know the approximate technique in solving for the integral of a given function. It is common to start the graph in the negative part of the Cartesian plane. This is not a problem. This is common to other numerical methods. We use only the first part of the iteration so that we could regulate the length of curve to be able to print in the bond paper size. The solution of trapezoidal is different from other methods. Dont be surprised if youve found out that you have get the same or closer result to other

numerical methods even you have different solution to it. The reader must also took emphasis on how we get the value using the trapezoidal method and make a comparison to other methods for verification purposes.

We also solved different mathematical approach like Differential equation and Laplace transform. Differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders. Differential equations play a prominent role in engineering, physics, economics, and other disciplines. This is why we need to study to get the differential equation of different functions.

Solving Differential Equation in Numerical methods is just like what you have learned on your math subjects. Same mathematical concepts like algebra and other math techniques in order to solve the given functions. You can use the answer in differential equation to draw a curve in a given graph and compare it to other numerical methods that was previously discussed. Unlike in other numerical methods, these

consist of various constant that needs to be corrected and needs to find the value in order to get the answer. The given Differential equation given to us can also be solved in other ways. We just use the simplest way to solve it so the reader can easily understand the solution for the given Differential equation.