Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Introduction and History of Tribology Jost-Commission (1966) in England TRIBOLOGY - Friction - Wear - Lubrication = rubbing = knowledge

ancient greek

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

economical losses by wear ~ 1-4% of gross national product ~ 10% of primary energy is lost by friction and wear within Germany (direct and indirect costs) 1975 1983 2002 2,5 Billion 5 Billion (of this 1,1 billion in steel industry) 40 Billion

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

direct costs - new parts - regeneration of worn parts indirect costs - interruption of production - costs of maintanance - storekeeping add. costs - more expensive production - decrease of quality - decrease of productivity - loss of market shares
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Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

History of Tribology predominately friction recorded since ever - e.g. to make fire Egyptians, Sumerians (3500-35 A.C.) - leather as bearing material for rolls and wheels - stone transport on wooden rails with lubrication by oil, grease, water - roller bearings since about 330 A.C. in Greece
Introduction and History 4 uni-due..de/wt Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Sliding bearing

The first recorded Tribologist 2400 B. C.

Source: D. Dowson, History of Tribology, 1979
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03136_igel

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

F 172 800 = T = = 0.23 FN 60,000 9.80665

FT: 172 men each pulling about 800 N (~ 80 kg) FN: 60 tons 5.9x105 N wood-on-wood dry ~ 0.25 - 0.5 wet ~ 0.2

Calculation of the coefficient of friction

Source: D. Dowson, History of Tribology, 1979
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03135_igel

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Leonardo da Vinci, Italy (1452-1519) - wear path of his cranes was following the steady load vector

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Leonardo da Vinci, Italy (1452-1519) - friction

Horizontal and inclindes planes Appearant areas of conatact Frictional torques

(03137)

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Leonardo da Vinci, Italy (1452-1519) - ball bearings for large doors and cranes

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Guillaume Amontons, France (1663-1705) Charles Augustin Coulomb, France (1736-1806)

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Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Coulomb-Amontons laws of friction: should be named da Vinci-Amontons-Coulomb laws of friction 1) 2) 3) 4) the friction force depends on the normal force the friction force is independant of the nominal contact area static friction is smaller than dynamic friction the friction force is independant of the relative speed

2) + 4) are wrong

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, Germany (1857-1894) contact mechanics of elastic bodies

sphere-on-plane

Simple case E1=E2, 1= 2

F R a = 1.113 N E F E2 3 N p max = 0.388 R2

max = 0.31p max

z m = 0.47a
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Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, Germany (1857-1894) contact mechanics of elastic bodies

sphere-on-sphere with different radii Simple case E1=E2, 1= 2

F R R a = 1.113 N 1 2 E R1 + R 2 R + R2 p max = 0.3883 FN E 2 1 R1R 2

max = 0.31p max

z m = 0.47a

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Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

E = equivalent Youngs Modulus of Body 1 and Body 2 1,2 = Poissons ratio of body 1 and 2 R = equivalent radius; substitutes two spheres by one sphere and one flat if is the same for both bodies

E =

2 E1 E 2 E1 + E 2

1 1 1 = + R R1 R 2

Notice: With different radii of the two bodies in different directions the formulas become more complicated!

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

contact mechanics of moving elastic bodies

sphere-on-plane Simple case E1=E2, 1= 2

c=

3 4 + 8 1 2

t ,max =

1 2 FN (1 + c) 2 a 2

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

contact mechanics of elastic bodies

sphere-on-plane flat-on-plane cone-on-plane

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Richard Stribeck, Germany (1861-1950) - Influence of surface roughness and lubrication on friction

= ad + def + lub
within vacuum = 10 in air = 0.5 in oil = 0.001

Note: Adhesion increases the contact area!

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Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Tendency to adhere depends on free surface energy and on surface roughness!

2 ao FN + 3R+ 36RFN + (3R) = a FN

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Richard Stribeck, Germany (1861-1950) - Influence of surface roughness and lubrication on friction

= ad + def + lub = 0 + C S + (1 ) 1 1 S 0

= fraction of real area of contact C = probability of ploughing 0 = shear strength of adhesive bond, 0 = contact stress within adhesive contact s = shear strength of material, s = contact stress within roughness 1 = shear strength of lubricant; similar to viscosity, 1 = pressure within lubricant
Introduction and History 19 uni-due..de/wt Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Richard Stribeck, Germany (1861-1950) - Influence of surface roughness and lubrication on friction

Introduction and History 20 uni-due..de/wt

Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

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Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Stribeck curve with boundary, mixed and fluid-film lubrication regimes

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Predominatly investigated until 1920s - sliding friction - rolling friction - lubrication Wear is investigated since the 1930s e.g. Holm, wear of electrical contacts except for one thing

MONEY
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Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie

Introduction and History

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Charles Hacket, England 1803 (King George III, 1760)

- wear of coins in England - gold, silver, copper

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Universitt Duisburg-Essen Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

Werkstofftechnik Materials Science & Engineering

Charles Hacket, England 1803 (King George III, 1760)

- wear of coins in England - gold, silver, copper

- Results
- pure Au wears faster than alloyed Cu or Ag - the softer metal wear faster than the harder one - materials transfer from the softer to the harder - Cu vs. Cu show higher wear than non-self-mating contact materials - sand or metal chips increase wear with increasing ductility of coin materials

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