Quick-Look Log Interpretation

Schlumberger Private

Schlumberger Private

E. Standen NExT Training

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Basal Quartz Example Valley Fill Sequence

Rmf = 2.6 @ 60F, BHT = 130F
B a s a l Q u a r t z N o .1
0 6 /2 8 /2 0 0 2 1 0 :0 2 :0 6 A M D EPTH FT 0 . 6 . 1 :5 0 0 -2 0 0 . G R ( G A P I) C A L I ( IN ) S P (M V ) 1 5 0 . 1 6 . 0 . 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 IL D ( O H M M ) IL M ( O H M M ) S FL (O H M M ) 2 0 0 0 . 2 0 0 0 . 2 0 0 0 . 0 .4 5 0 .4 5 P H ID ( V / V ) P H IN S S ( V / V ) - 0 .1 5 - 0 .1 5

Schlumberger Private

5 4 0 0

5 5 0 0

Copyrght 02003, NExT 5 6 0

Rock Matrix, Porosity & Fluids

Schlumberger Private

Rt = Rw

Rt = Ro Ro = F Rw F = a / m
where

Rt = F Rw / Sw

Schlumberger Private

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Archies Equation
Empirical constant (usually near unity)

Water saturation, fraction Saturation exponent (also usually near 2)

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Sw = n

a Rw
m

Resistivity of formation water, -m Cementation exponent (usually near 2)

Schlumberger Private

Rt

Porosity, fraction

Resistivity of uninvaded formation, -m

4

Resistivity & Lithology - Saturation

Low Resistivity is a water-wet formation.
Wet Sands/Carbonates Shale
Schlumberger Private

High Resistivity is a formation with no water.

Low Porosity no water Hydrocarbon present low volume of water (Swirr) Or, VERY FRESH water
Copyrght 2003, NExT

Schlumberger Private

Hydrocarbon Identification from Resistivity and SP.

High Resistivity => HC

or Tight? (check )

Schlumberger Private

Clean Low Resistivity => Water-Wet

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Quick-look HC Identification & Flow Unit Analysis

Highlight the deep resistivity log. Highlight Sonic or Density log as Porosity.
Both Sonic and Density read higher in Gas
Schlumberger Private

In a porous, wet zone (ie. Low Resistivity and High Porosity) overlay the porosity on the deep resistivity log, keeping the logs parallel and on depth. Hydrocarbon is indicated where separation occurs high resistivity and high porosity. If you change the relative position of the porosity and resistivity curves it implies a change in Rw.
Copyrght 2003, NExT

Schlumberger Private

Gamma Ray

Neutron Density Porosity Log

Trace Density or overlay on a light table.

Schlumberger Private

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Since we are dealing with log-compatible overlay scales, the density curve on the resistivity scale now defines Ro, the wet resistivity of the formation.

Schlumberger Private

Overlay Logs Here

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Schlumberger Private

HC

HC
5400

Water Wet Water

Schlumberger Private

hc? hc?
5500

hc HC
Copyrght 2003, NExT

10

Water Wet

5600

Sw Calculations
Get Rw from the SP or Rwa in a 100% wet zone. Compute Sw from Deep Resistivity and Density or Sonic porosity. Or Compute Sw from Deep Resistivity and the average of Neutron and Density porosity (total). Do not mix porosities in your computations. If shale resistivity is much lower than Rt in the hydrocarbon zone, be aware that no correction for the shale effect on Rt has been made and you should consider a shaly-sand interpretation model. An alternative to individual computations is to plot porosity and resistivity on a Picket Plot.
Copyrght 2003, NExT

Schlumberger Private

Schlumberger Private

11

Rwa Method
Rwa is the apparent water resistivity assuming all zones are 100% wet. If Sw = 100% then: Rwa = **2 x Rt If the zone is 100% wet then Rwa will go to a minimum value. If hydrocarbon is present then Rwa > Rw.
(Rwa will be less than Rw in low porosity zones!)
Schlumberger Private

In hydrocarbon zones Sw = Rw/Rwa

Copyrght 2003, NExT

12

Rwa Computation for BQ Example

Using Rild and PhiD (density porosity)
Basal Quartz No.1
06/26/2002 5:09:08 P M DE TH P FT 0. 6. -200. 1:500 GR (GAP I) CALI (IN) SP(M V) 150. 0.2 16. 0.2 0. 0.2 0.002 ILD(OHM ) M ILM(OHM ) M SFL (OHM ) M Rwa (ohm ) m 2000. 0.45 2000. 0.45 2000. P (V/V) HID P HINSS (V/V) -0.15 -0.15

Schlumberger Private

20.

5400

Schlumberger Private

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Rwa = .025 ohmm

Note that where PhiD goes to zero 13 Rwa goes lower than Rw.

Pickett Plot ILD vs PhiD

Basal Quartz No.1
Rw = 0.025 ohmm ILD / PHID
1. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Interval : 5340. : 5608. GR 150.

Sw

10 0%

Water zones

120.

Schlumberger Private

M=2
PHID 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

Hydrocarbon Zones plot above Sw=100% line.

90.

60.

30.

0.1

1.
Depths 5340.F - 5608.F

446 points plotted out of 537 Well Copyrght 2003, NExT Basal Quartz No.1

ILD

10.

100.

1000.

0.

14

Simple Shaley-Sand Model

total = effective

Clean Sand Matrix (Quartz)

In a clean sand the irreducible water volume is a function of the surface area of the sand grains and therefore, the Irreducible grain size. water Bound water

HC
Schlumberger Private

effective

Clean Sand Matrix (Quartz)

Clay + Silt
Schlumberger Private
total

In a shaley-sand the addition of silt + clay usually decreases effective porosity due to poorer sorting and increases the irreducible water volume with the finer grain size. In addition, there is clay bound water that is non-effective porosity that adds conductivity to the formation.
Copyrght 2003, NExT

15

Quick-Look Shaley-Sand Analysis Sw = 1/T**2 x Rw/Rt total = (PhiN + PhiD)/2 effective = total x (1 Vsh)
Schlumberger Private

In a clean formation PhiN = PhiD and Phi-Total is Phie. In a shaley formation PhiN + PhiD / 2 usually increases slightly as shale volume increases (Shale total porosity is usually higher than the total porosity of a clean sand until significant compaction occurs). As shale increases Rt will decrease so the net effect on the saturation computation is minimal as shale volume increases.
Copyrght 2003, NExT

16

Archies Equation

Sw = n

a Rw
m
Total

Schlumberger Private

Rt

Schlumberger Private

As Shale (clay) volume increases What is the effect on Sw? Up to about 20% Vshale not much effect will be seen on Sw as long as the porosity input is Total Porosity, not Effective porosity. Copyrght 2003, NExT 17

Bulk Volume Water

What is the volume of water in the formation? Answer: Sw x = BVW Assume basic Archie:
Sw**2 = (1/**2) * Rw/Rt

Schlumberger Private

Sw**2 x **2 = Rw/Rt or Sw*= Rw/Rt Rt is on a logarithmic scale - it is inversely proportional to BVW.
low Rt = high BVW and high Rt = low BVW.

As long as BVW is changing with porosity you are not in the zone of irreducible water saturation. Copyrght 2003, NExT

18

Assume ILD = Rt, then BVW is proportional to 1/Rt

Lowest BVW
Schlumberger Private

High Resistivity

Clean zone Low BVW Low Resistivity

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Schlumberger Private

High BVW

19

= 12%

= 6 to 15%
Schlumberger Private

= 19% = 19% Sw=100% Sw=100%

Copyrght 2003, NExT

= 18% = 19%
20

Ellerslie Example BVW Computation

depth Phi Rt Sw BVW

BVW as Cap. Pressure

5350 0.12 15 0.372678 447
2500 2000
BVW
Schlumberger Private

1500 1000 500 0

96 50 78 53 53 53 54 20

5374 0.09 5378 0.13 5382 0.06 5392 0.12 5396 0.18

25 0.3849 27 0.25641 22 0.615457 28 0.272772 14 0.257172

346 333 369 327 463

BVW

Water free production

5408 0.19 7 0.344555 655

depth

Schlumberger Private

5420 0.16 5428 0.15 5436 0.19

1.1 1.032154 1.5 0.942809 0.8 1.019206

1651 rock types reach Swirr and is therefore, an easier number to 1414

We could plot Sw vs. depth as well, but saturation varies more with changes in porosity. BVW goes to a minimum when all use for determining water-free production.

Copyrght 2003, NExT

1936

21

BVW related to Cap. Pressure

Swirr x Porosity = BVW at irreducible saturation conditions. This means that when BVW approaches a low constant value for a formation it will produce water free above that point. Above the Swirr point, changes in BVW will reflect changes in pore size (grain size) or a change in HC fluid content. Remember that Swirr is 100 unique for each rock unit. Sw
22

Schlumberger Private

Pressure Or Depth

Copyrght 2003, NExT

Swirr Swirr
Hi BVW

Low BVW

B a s a l Q u a r t z N o .1
0 2 /2 5 /2 0 0 3 3 :2 2 :0 7 P M D EPTH FT 0. S W (Dec ) 1. 0 .2 5 0 .2 5 1 :5 0 0 0 .2 5 P H iT ( v / v ) P H IE ( D e c ) B V W (Dec ) 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. V W CL (Dec ) P H IE ( D e c ) V S IL T ( D e c ) 1. 0. 1.

Capillary Pressure from Log Data

5400

Schlumberger Private

5500

Schlumberger Private

5600

Copyrght 2003, NExT

23

BVW Plot with Permeability K4

Buckles Plot K= {70* e**2[(1-Swi)/Swi]}**2
Rock unit 1

Rock unit 2

Schlumberger Private

Water zone Transition zone

Copyrght 2003, NExT

24

BVW Rules of Thumb

eg. For: Sw=20% & =30%, BVW=600 For water free production in clean zones Carbonates:
Oil : BVW= 150 to 400 Gas: BVW= 50 to 300

Schlumberger Private

Course-grained Sands:
Oil : BVW = 300 to 600 Gas : BVW = 150 to 300

Very fine-grained Sands

Oil : BVW = 800 to 1200 Gas : BVW = 600 to 900 Schlumberger Private

Note: This will depend on the position in the HC column. Copyrght 2003, NExT Higher up gives a lower BVW.

25

For our Sand Example

BVWirr ranges from 460 to 330. Since we expect light oil & gas production from the zone we can estimate that the rock should be a coarse-grained sand. Zones of higher BVW above the oil-water contact would indicate finer grain-size rock units. Log saturations should match core capillary pressure data for any given rock type.
Copyrght 2003, NExT

Schlumberger Private

26