Technology Acceptance Models as a tool for a successful E-learning

implementation

Nikolaos Kourakos, City University of London, PhD Candidate, e-mail:

snadek@gmail.com

Margarita Antoniou, Ministry Of Education, MA Modern Literature,

e-mail: marantoniou@yahoo.com

Abstract

It is argued that the rapid evolution of Information and Communications

Technology (ICT) and specifically of multimedia and Internet, has given the motive to
introduce them to the education system. The online delivery of education starts in
1990s with the parallel explosion of the Internet usage.
After four decades of e-learning initiatives, the crucial point for today’s e-learning
implementation is to pass to a sustainable phase. As many authors notice, the
sustainable implementation of e-learning especially from Universities is a current hot
item (Krupaa, Mandl & Jense, 2002). There are lots of factors that need to be
considered while implementing an e-learning solution. There is a need to identify the
factors that support and boost sustainability of e-learning. One of the most critical
factors is the acceptance of the solution from the participants. Performing a literature
review, we found a noticeable number of researches in this area.
This paper makes an exploratory study in the area of e-learning and the models
that exams the technology acceptance of this solution, especially by learners. It
describes various models that seek to explain learner’s behavioral and actual intention
to use a technology system.
The study on technology (e-learning) acceptance models is useful for both
academic and practitioners of e-learning, especially under the sustainability issues.

1. LITERATURE REVIEW

There is large variety of studies focus on ICT acceptance (Ngai, Poon & Chan,
2005; Abdul-Gader, 1996Adams, Nelson &Todd, 1992; Igbaria, Guimaraes & Davis,
1995). As mentioned before a plethora of models have been developed to explain the
technology acceptance in general and Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in particular.

1.1 TRA

The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen

(1975) to explain and predict the people’s behaviour in a specific situation. TRA is a
well-known model in the social psychology domain. According to TRA a person’s
actual behaviour is driven by the intension to perform the behaviour. Individual’s
attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norms are the ‘loading factors’ toward
behavioural intention. Attitude is a person’s positive or negative feeling, and tendency
towards an idea, behaviour. Subjective norm is defined as an individual's perception
of whether people important to the individual think the behaviour should be
performed. The Figure1 and the associate Table1 below give us a more wide view.

Figure1.Theory of Reasoned Action TRA (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975).

Beliefs and Attitude toward

Evaluations Behavior

Behavioral Actual
Intention Behavior

Normative Beliefs
and Subjective
motivation to Norm
comply

Table 1. The structure of TRA.

“an individual’s feelings about

Attitude Behavioral performing the target
Toward Beliefs behavior” (Fishbein and Ajzen
Behavior → (1975, p. 216)
Behavioral
Intention

Behavior

“the person’s perception that

Actual

most people who are important

Normative to him think he should or
Subjective Beliefs should not perform the
Norm behavior in question” (Fishbein
→
and Ajzen (1975, p. 302

1.2 TPB

The Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is another well-known

model. TPB is a well known theory (grounded on sociology) that has been used to
explain social behavior and information technology use (Ajzen, 1985, 1991; Conner
& Armitage, 1998; Dillon & Morris, 1996; Sutton, 1998; Kwon & Onwuegbuzie,
2005).
More specifically, according to Ajzen (Ajzen, 1985, 1991), intension is an immediate
predictor of behavior. This intension is loaded by Subjective Norm –SN- (i.e.
perceived social pressure), PBC (the beliefs about the ability to control the behavior)
and one’s attitude towards a behavior. Further more, a behavioral belief (a specific
behavior lead to a specific outcome), weighted by the evaluated desirability of this
outcome forms an attitude (Kwon & Onwuegbuzie, 2005). Ajzen (Ajzen 1991, p.
188), defines PBC as “the perceived easy or difficulty of performing the behavior”.
TPB views the control that people have over their behavior as lying on a continuum
from behaviors that are easily performed to those requiring considerable effort,
resources, etc. The Figure2 and the associate Table2 below give us a more global
view.

Figure2. The Theory of Planned Behaviour –TPB- (Ajzen, 1985, 1991)

Table2. Structure of TPB (

Behavioral The same as TRA Attitude →

Beliefs (BE)
Normative The same as TRA Subjective Norm
Intension

Behavior

Beliefs (NM) (SN) →

Control “the perceived Perceived
Beliefs (CP) ease or difficulty Behavioral Control
of performing the (PBC) →
behavior” (Ajzen
1991, p. 188)

1.3 TTF
 Task technology fit model (TTF).Dishaw and Strong (Dishaw & Strong, 1988)
claims that the only reason for IT use is if the available to the end user functions fit
the user needs and activities. The basic version of TTF that has been tested (Goodhue
& Thompson, 1995) (figure3 appendix). Actually, the TTF match the demands of a
task and the capabilities of the chosen technology. The very early version does not
include the ‘Actual Tool Use’ as an outcome variable, because they didn’t focus on
behavior. As Goodhue (1998; 1995) notice, individual abilities, such as computer
literacy and experience become common additions in later versions of TTF. Dishaw et
al (2002) provide us with another modification of the TTF including the factor of
computer self-efficacy.

Figure3. A basic task-technology fit (TTF) model,

adapted from Dishaw & Strong, (p. 11)

1.4 IDT

Innovation diffusion theory (IDT) (Rogers, 1993), is another model also

grounded in social psychology. Since 1940’s the social scientists coin the terms
diffusion and diffusion theory (Rogers, 1983). This theory provides a framework with
which we can make predictions for the time period that is necessary for a technology
to be accepted. Constructs are the characteristics of the new technology, the
communication networks and the characteristics of the adopters. We can see
innovation diffusion as a set of four basic elements: the innovation, the time, the
communication process and the social system. Here, the concept of a new idea is
passed from one member of a social system to another. Moore and Benbasat (1991)
redefined a number of constructs for use to examine individual technology acceptance
such as relative advantage, easy of use, image, compatibility and results
demonstrability.

1.5 EDT

Expectation-disconfirmation model (EDT) according to Premkumar &

Bhattacherjee (2006) is based on expectation-disconfirmation-satisfaction paradigm.
Oliver (1980) introduced EDT to explain the critical factors of consumer
satisfaction/dissatisfaction, in the marketing area. Here product information and
marketing formed a pre-usage initial expectation. After that the customers use the
product and form a perception of product performance. The comparison of initial
expectation vs. perceived performance drives to the disconfirmation for the product.
After that the customer forms his/her satisfaction level..
 The EDT is validated in IT by Bhattacherjee (2001) in a study for online
banking services. Further more Bhattacherjee and Premkumar (2004) used EDT in
order to explain changes in beliefs and attitudes toward IT usage.

Figure4. EDT structure.

1.6 TAM

Technology acceptance model (Davis, 1989; Davis, Bagozzi & Warshaw,

1989). TAM was adapted from the Theory of Reasoned Action –TRA-. Maybe the
most well-known and widely accepted and cited model is the technology acceptance
model (TAM). Davis (1985; 1989) developed the TAM to explain the computer usage
and acceptance of information technology. As Money & Turner (2004) notice, the
Institute for Scientific Information Social Science Citation indexed more than 300
journal citations of the initial TAM paper published by Davis et al. (1989). (The
Davis’s model is shown in figure5, appendix).

Perceived
Usefulness

Actual
External Intention
System
variables Behavior
use

Perceived
easy of use

Figure5. Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989).

According to Davis (1993, p.1) ‘user acceptance is often the pivotal factor
determine the success or failure of an information system’. The term external variables
include all the system design features. These features have a direct influence on perceived
usefulness (PU) and perceived easy of use (PEOU), while attitude toward using has an
indirect influence effect to the actual system use. Davis (1993, p. 477) defines PEOU as
“the degree to which an individual believes that using a particular system would be free of
physical and mental effort”, and PU as “the degree to which an individual believes that
using a particular system would be enhance his/her job performance. As Davis et al (1989)
states, the goal is to provide us with an explanation of the determinants of information
systems acceptance. Similar to TRA user beliefs determine the attitude toward using the
information system. This attitude drives to intention behavior to use which lead to actual
system use.
Dishaw and Strong (1999, pp. 9-21) pointed out a weak point of TAM about task
focus. According to them TAM differs from TRA “in two keys”. The first is that define
PEOU and PU as external variables that determine the intension to use not the actual use.
The second key is that TAM does not include subjective norms.
Yi (Yi et al., 2005), claims that TAM and IDT have similarities, More specific
PEOU and PU are conceptual similar to relative advantage and complexity (the opposite of
easy of use). As Taylor and Todd (1995) claims, TAM performs slightly better compared
with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).Table3 (appendix) summarizes the
implementation of TAM in wide range of areas.

1.7 TAM2

Venkatesh and Davis (2000), proposed an extension of TAM, the TAM2. TAM2
include social influence process such subjective norm, and cognitive instrumental process
such as job relevance, output quality and result demonstrability. The figure6 (appendix)
describes the revised TAM

Figure6. TAM2 (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000 p.188).

1.8 UTAUT

Venkatesh et al. (2003), proposed the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use
as a composition of eight prominent models (TRA, TAM, Motivational Model, TPB,
Combined TAM-TPB, PC Utilization, IDT and Social Cognitive Theory).
The UTAUT model aims to explain user behavioural intentions to use an IS and
subsequent usage behaviour. According to this theory 4 critical constructs are direct
determinants of usage intention and behaviour (Venkatesh et. al., 2003). The core
constructs are:
• performance expectancy
• effort expectancy
• social influence, and
• facilitating conditions)
Gender, age, experience, and voluntariness of use are posited to mediate the impact of the
four key constructs on usage intention and behaviour (Venkatesh et. al., 2003). Subsequent
validation of UTAUT in a longitudinal study found it to account for 70% of the variance in
usage intention (Venkatesh et. al., 2003). The figure7 describes the UTAUM model.

Figure7. UTAUM (Venkatesh et al. , 2003).

2. SUMMARY

However every attempt of building an e-learning system, apart from the

theoretical knowledge and the technical documentation, also requires the adoption and
the active support of those that it addresses that is the students. E-learning becomes
more and more important. In order to reduce cost / benefit ratio, we must examine the
gap between system design and system acceptance. So the study of the technology
acceptance models becomes more and more important and critical.
 Appendix

Table3 Tam extensions / implementations.

Researcher Year Field – TAM extensions
F DAVIS 1991 Original TAM
D. Straub et al. 1997 TAM across cultures
M. Igbaria & M. Tan 1997 Technology Acceptance
R Agarwal & E. Karahanna 1998 TAM and Compatibility beliefs
M. Dishaw & D. Strong 1999 Extending TAM with task-technology fit constructs
T. Teo et al. 1999 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Y. Malhorta & D. Galleta 1999 Extending TAM and Social Inluence
A. Lederer et al. 2000 World Wide Web
H. van der Heijden 2000 TAM and Website Usage
H. van der Heijden 2000 E-TAM
J. C-C Lin & H. Lu 2000 Behavioural intention and web site use
J. CC Lin H. Lu 2000 Towards an understanding of the behavioural intention
V. Venkatesh & F. Davis 2000 TAM2
V.Venkatesh & F. Davis 2000 Theoretical extension of TAM
A. Bhattacherjee 2001 E-commerce
J.W Moon & Y.G. Kim 2001 TAM and WWW context
Lei-da Chen 2001 Online consumers
R. Horton et al. 2001 Explaining intanet use with TAM
J. Lee et al. 2002 TAM and Virtual learning environment
J. Thong et al. 2002 TAM and digital libraries
S.-S. Liaw 2002 WWW Environment
W. Chismar S. Wiley-Patton 2002 TAM and Physicians
W. Chismar S. Wiley-Patton 2002 TAM and Internet in Pediatrics
H. Selim 2003 TAM course websites
J-S. Lee et al. 2003 TAM, Social Networking, Distance Learning
L. Stoel & K.H. Lee 2003 Web-based courseware
M.K.O. Lee et al. 2003 Internet based learning
P. Legris et al. 2003 Critical review of TAM
P.Jen-Hua et al. 2003 Law officers
V.Venkatesh et al. 2003 TAM toward a unified view
Y.P. J-H. Hu et al. 2003 School teachers
Yong Jin Kin et al. 2003 The role of attitude
Y-S Wang 2003 TAM Asynchronous learning systems
C. Gardner & D. Alonso 2004 TAM and Internet Technology
C.S. Ong et al. 2004 TAM, engineer's e-learning system
Chorhg-Shyong Ong & Jung-Yu Lai 2004 Gender differences
H. Sun & P. Zhang 2004 Methodological analysis of TAM
H. Sun & P. Zhang 2004 Methodological analysis of TAM
Hee-dong Yang & Youngjin 2004 Revisiting TAM
J-H Wu & S-C Wag 2004 M-commerce
K. Amoako-Gyampah & A.F. Salam 2004 ERP environment
K. Pituch, Y. Lee 2004 TAM and e-learning use
Lei-DA Chen & J. Tan 2004 Virtual stores acceptance
T. Pikkarainen et al. 2004 On-line banking
W. Money, A. Turner 2004 TAM and knowledge management system
C.Colin & A. Goh 2005 Validation of TAM
E. Carayannis & E. Turner 2005 Public Key Information Technology
E.W.T. Ngai et al. 2005 TAM and WebCT
Hung-Pin Shih 2005 Utilization behavior
J.Y. Imsook et al. 2005 TAM and t-commerce
J-H Wu 2005 TAM and mobile commerce
Jieun Yu et al. 2005 t-commerce
L. Dadayan & E. Ferro 2005 E-gov
L.Carter & F. Belanger 2005 E-gov
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