Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale.

The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users the "consumers". Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation. Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead. The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone.

Magnitude & Intensity Whats the difference between magnitude and intensity? Magnitude is a measure of the energy released at the source of the earthquake deep in the earth and is measured by seismographs. Magnitude remains the same no matter where a person experiences the earthquake because it is a measure at the focus of the earthquake. The epicenter is the point on the ground that is vertically above the focus (or hypocenter) or the point underground where the seismic activity occurs. Intensity is a measure the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location on the ground. It is determined by the effect the earthquake has on people, infrastructure, and the natural environment. Intensity will vary depending on the location of where the quake is felt. An isoseismal is a contour or line on a map that shows the boundary points of equal intensity for a particular earthquake.

Magnitude Scales: The Phivolcs website indicates the Richter scale, so we assume that is what it uses as a measure of magnitude: Richter Magnitude Scale Description M1 Earthquake with M below 1 are only detectable when an ultra sensitive seismometer is operated under favorable conditions. M2 Most earthquakes with M below 3 are the "hardly perceptible shocks" and are not felt. They are only recorded by seismographs of nearby stations. M3 Earthquake with M 3 to 4 are the "very feeble shocks" and only felt near the epicenter. M4 Earthquakes with M 4 to 5 are the "feeble shocks" where damages (sic) are not usually reported. M5 Earthquakes with M 5 to 6 are the "earthquakes with moderate strength" and are felt over the wide areas; some of them cause small local damages (sic) near the epicenter. M6 Earthquake with M 6 to 7 are the "strong earthquakes" and are accompanied by local damages (sic) near the epicenters. First class seismological stations can observe them wherever they occur within the earth. M7 Earthquake with M 7 to 8 are the "major earthquakes" and can cause considerable damages (sic) near the epicenters. Shallow-seated or near- surface major earthquakes when they occur under the sea, may generate tsunamis. First class seismological stations can observe them wherever they occur within the earth. M8 Earthquake with M 8 to 9 are the "great earthquakes" occurring once or twice a year. When they occur in land areas, damages (sic) affect wide areas. When they occur under the sea, considerable tsunamis are produced. Many aftershocks occur in areas approximately 100 to 1,000 kilometers in diameter. M9 Earthquakes with M over 9 have never occurred since the data based on the seismographic observations became available.

The United States Geological Survey USGS "Several scales have been defined, but the most commonly used are (1) local magnitude (ML), commonly referred to as "Richter

magnitude," (2) surface-wave magnitude (Ms), (3) body-wave magnitude (Mb), and (4) moment magnitude (Mw). Scales 1-3 have limited range and applicability and do not satisfactorily measure the size of the largest earthquakes. The moment magnitude (Mw) scale, based on the concept of seismic moment, is uniformly applicable to all sizes of earthquakes but is more difficult to compute than the other types. All magnitude scales should yield approximately the same value for any given earthquake."

USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy implemented on January 18, 2002 In 1935, Charles Richter developed the local magnitude, ML scale for moderate-size (3 < ML < 7) earthquakes in southern California. The ML scale is often called the Richter scale by the press and the public. All of the currently used methods for measuring earthquake magnitude (ML, duration magnitude mD, surface-wave magnitude MS, teleseismic body-wave magnitude mb, moment magnitude M, etc.) yield results that are consistent with ML. In fact, most modern methods for measuring magnitude were designed to be consistent with the Richter scale. There is some confusion, however, about earthquake magnitude, primarily in the media, because seismologists often no longer follow Richter's original methodology. Richter's original methodology is no longer used because it does not give reliable results when applied to M >= 7 earthquakes and it was not designed to use data from earthquakes recorded at epicentral distances greater than about 600 km. It is, therefore, useful to separate the method and the scale in releasing estimates of magnitude to the public. Different methods of estimating magnitude will be used, depending upon the time elapsed since the earthquakes occurrence. Preliminary estimates of magnitude should not be included in statements if revised, preferred estimates of magnitude exist. If several different magnitude estimates are available, the reported magnitude should be moment magnitude, if available. Moment magnitude is the preferred magnitude for all earthquakes listed in USGS catalogs. All other magnitudes should be preserved in the database, but routine searches of the catalogs should list only the preferred magnitude. The least complicated, and probably most accurate, terminology is to just use the term magnitude and to use the symbol M Typical additional information can include that the magnitude was estimated using an extension of the concept originally developed by Richter, and/or that there are several different methods for estimating the size of an earthquake, all of which are consistent with the Richter scale, and a description of the measurement technique used. However, most non-earth scientists are confused by this additional information, so it should be provided only if requested.

Intensity Scales

PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) I Scarcely Perceptible - Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances. Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still water in containers oscillates slowly. II Slightly Felt - Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects swing slightly. Still water in containers oscillates noticeably. III Weak - Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of buildings. Vibration is felt like one passing (sic) of a light truck. Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in containers oscillates moderately. IV Moderately Strong - Felt generally by people indoors and by some people outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt like a passing of (sic) heavy truck. Hanging objects swing considerably. Dinner, plates, glasses, windows and doors rattle. Floors and walls of wood framed buildings creak. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in containers are slightly disturbed. Water in containers oscillate strongly. Rumbling sound may sometimes be heard. (I dont know why theres a difference between liquids and water.) V Strong - Generally felt by most people indoors and outdoors. Many sleeping people are awakened. Some are frightened, some run outdoors. Strong shaking and rocking felt throughout building. Hanging objects swing violently. Dining utensils clatter and clink; some are broken. Small, light and unstable objects may fall or overturn. Liquids spill from filled open containers. Standing vehicles rock noticeably. Shaking of leaves and twigs of trees are noticeable. VI Very Strong - Many people are frightened; many run outdoors. Some people lose their balance. Motorists feel like driving in (sic) flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture move or may be shifted. Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster may crack. Very old or poorly built houses and man-made structures are slightly damaged though well-built structures are not affected. Limited rockfalls and rolling boulders occur in hilly to (sic) mountainous areas and escarpments. Trees are noticeably shaken. (Poor, shocked trees.) VII Destructive - Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find it difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and furniture overturn or topple. Big church bells may ring. Old or poorly-built structures suffer considerably damage. Some well-built structures are slightly damaged. Some cracks may appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface, or concrete hollow block walls. Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are observed. Trees are shaken strongly. (Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated sand lose strength during an earthquake and behave like liquid). VIII Very Destructive - People panicky. (!!!) People find it difficult to stand even outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged. Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Railway tracks are bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments mat (sic) tilt or topple. Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken. Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man- made structure to sink, tilt or topple. Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown out from their positions particularly near the epicenter. Fissures and

faults rapture (sic) may be observed. Trees are violently shaken. (oh no!) Water splash or stop (sic) over dikes or banks of rivers. IX Devastating - People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry and shake with fear. Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled or destroyed. Numerous utility posts, towers and monument (sic) are tilted, toppled or broken. Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken. Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreadings and sandboils (sic) are widespread. the ground is distorted into (sic) undulations. Trees are shaken very violently with some toppled or broken. Boulders are commonly thrown out (of what?). River water splashes violently on (sic) slops over dikes and banks. X Completely Devastating - Practically all man-made structures are destroyed. Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence and uplifting of land forms and many ground fissures are observed. Changes in river courses and destructive seiches in large lakes occur. Many trees are toppled, broken and uprooted.

USGS Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.

USGS chart of Magnitude and likely intensity associated with the earthquake near the epicenter Magnitude 1.0 - 3.0 3.0 - 3.9 4.0 - 4.9 5.0 - 5.9 6.0 - 6.9 7.0 and higher Typical Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity I II - III IV - V VI - VII VII - IX VIII or higher

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