Structural 107 - 2008-04

OFFSHORE STANDARD DNV-OS-C107
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SHIP-SHAPED DRILLING AND WELL SERVICE UNITS

APRIL 2008
DET NORSKE VERITAS
FOREWORD
DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, property and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions. DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents: Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and consultancy services. Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well as the technical basis for DNV offshore services. Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level Offshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards. DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas: A) Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology B) Materials Technology C) Structures D) Systems E) Special Facilities F) Pipelines and Risers G) Asset Operation H) Marine Operations J) Wind Turbines O) Subsea Systems
Amendments and Corrections

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Contents Page 3
CONTENTS
Sec. 1 Introduction........................................................... 5 A. General.................................................................................... 5
A 100 A 200 B 100 C C C C
B. Permissible stresses ..............................................................16

B 100 General............................................................................ 16
Objectives ......................................................................... 5 Classification .................................................................... 5 General.............................................................................. 5
C. Local requirements to plates and stiffeners ..........................16

C 100 C 200 D D D D D Plates............................................................................... 16 Stiffeners......................................................................... 16
B. Assumptions and Applications ............................................... 5 C. Definitions ............................................................................. 5

100 200 300 400 Verbal forms ..................................................................... 5 Terms ................................................................................ 5 Symbols ............................................................................ 5 Abbreviations.................................................................... 5 DNV Offshore Standards, Rules and Classification Notes .......................................................... 5
D. Local requirements to simple girders ...................................17

100 200 300 400 500 General............................................................................ 17 Minimum thickness ........................................................ 17 Effective flange............................................................... 17 Effective web .................................................................. 17 Strength requirements for simple girders ....................... 17 General description ......................................................... 18 Loads............................................................................... 18 Impact from connecting structure ................................... 18
D. References .............................................................................. 5
D 100
E. Complex girder systems .......................................................18

E 100 E 200 E 300 F F F F
Sec. 2
Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and Inspection Principles ............................................ 7 A. Selection of Material .............................................................. 7
A 100 A 200 A 300 A 400 B 100 B 200 B 300 General.............................................................................. 7 Design temperature for elements not specified by the DAT(-XC) notation ......................................................... 7 Structural categorisation ................................................... 7 Material Class for structural member not covered by the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1............. 7 General.............................................................................. 8 Hull structure .................................................................... 8 Topside structure............................................................... 8
F. Buckling stability..................................................................18
100 200 300 400 Bars, beams, columns and frames................................... 18 Flat plated structures and stiffened panels...................... 18 Tubulars .......................................................................... 18 Capacity checks according to other codes ..................... 18
Sec. 6 Assessment of Hull Topside Interface ........... 19 A. Introduction...........................................................................19

A 100 B B B B B General considerations.................................................... 19
B. Inspection Principles............................................................... 8
B. Strength assessment ..............................................................19

100 200 300 400 500 General............................................................................ 19 Requirements to the FE model ....................................... 19 Loads............................................................................... 19 Combination of loads ..................................................... 19 Acceptance criteria ......................................................... 19 General............................................................................ 19
Sec. 3 Design Principles ................................................ 10 A. Introduction .......................................................................... 10

A A A A 100 200 300 400
Overall design principles ................................................ 10 Operational modes .......................................................... 10 Local design loads .......................................................... 10 Still water loading conditions ......................................... 10 Hull girder and hull girder structural members .............. 10
C. Fatigue assessment................................................................19
C 100
B. Hull Strength ........................................................................ 10

B 100 C C C C C C 100 200 300 400 500 600
Sec. 7 Fatigue Capacity Assessment ........................... 20 A. Introduction...........................................................................20

A 100 General............................................................................ 20
C. Topside facilities and supporting structure........................... 10
B. Principles and methodology .................................................20

B 100 B 200 C 100 Assessment principles..................................................... 20 Methods for fatigue capacity .......................................... 20
C 700 C 800 C 900
General design principles................................................ 10 Load combinations.......................................................... 10 Working Stress Design method (WSD).......................... 11 Basic usage factors.......................................................... 11 Yield check ..................................................................... 11 Design accelerations, bending moments and shear forces ..................................................................... 11 Combination of hull responses ...................................... 11 Capacity models for strength .......................................... 11 Capacity models for fatigue............................................ 12
C. Structural Details and Stress Concentration Factors ............20

General............................................................................ 20
D. Design Loads and Calculation of Stress Ranges ..................20

D 100 Local and global loads .................................................... 20
Sec. 8 Accidental Conditions ........................................ 21 A. General..................................................................................21

A 100 B B B B General............................................................................ 21
Sec. 4 Design Loads ....................................................... 13 A. Introduction .......................................................................... 13

A 100 A 200
B. Design Criteria......................................................................21
100 200 300 400 General............................................................................ 21 Dropped objects .............................................................. 21 Fires ................................................................................ 21 Explosions....................................................................... 21
General............................................................................ 13 Definitions ...................................................................... 13 Local loads on decks and bulkheads............................... 13 Liquid in tanks ................................................................ 13
B. Local static loads in topside structure................................... 13

B 100 B 200 C 100 D 100
Sec. 9 Welding and Weld Connections........................ 22 A. Introduction...........................................................................22

A 100 General requirements...................................................... 22
C. Global static loads in topside structure................................. 13 D. Global static and dynamic loads in topside structure ........... 14
General............................................................................ 14
General ........................................................................... 13
B. Size of Welds........................................................................22
B 100 B 200 B 300 B 400 Double continuous fillet welds ....................................... 22 Fillet welds and deep penetration welds subject to high tensile stresses......................................................... 22 Full penetration welds..................................................... 22 Direct calculations .......................................................... 22
E. Combination of accelerations, bending moments and shear forces ........................................................................... 14

E 100 E 200 E 300 F 100 Basic responses ............................................................... 14 Transit conditions ........................................................... 14 Operating conditions....................................................... 14
Sec. 10 Corrosion Control .............................................. 24 A. Hull and hull structural elements..........................................24

A 100 General............................................................................ 24
F. Hull deformation................................................................... 15
General............................................................................ 15
B. Topside structure ..................................................................24

B 100 B 200
Sec. 5 Strength of Topside Structures.......................... 16 A. Introduction .......................................................................... 16

A 100
Void spaces and elements in the atmospheric zone........ 24 Tanks .............................................................................. 24
General............................................................................ 16
App. A Cross Sectional Types .......................................... 2
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 4 Contents
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Sec.1 Page 5
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
A. General
A 100 Objectives 101 The objectives of this standard are to: provide an internationally acceptable standard for design of ship-shaped Drilling and Well Service Units serve as a technical reference document in contractual matters between purchaser and manufacturer serve as a guideline for designers, purchaser, contractors and regulators specify procedures and requirements for units subject to DNV classification services base the design of the hull and topside on the same principles and methodology for all transit and operational scenarios provide, as far as possible, consistent loads for both topside and hull design. The hull strength may be assessed according to DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 for all transit and operational conditions. A 200 Classification 201 Classification principles related to classification of offshore units are given the DNV Offshore Service Specifications given in Table A1.
Table A1 DNV Offshore Service Specifications Reference Title DNV-OSS-101 Rules for Classification of Offshore Drilling and Support Units
C 200 Terms 201 Standard terms are given in DNV-OS-C101. 202 Transit: Moving the unit from one geographical location to another. 203 Drilling vessel: A unit used for drilling in connection with exploration and/or exploitation of oil and gas. The unit is generally operating on the same location for a limited period of time and is normally equipped with dynamic positioning system with several thrusters. The unit follows the normal class survey program. 204 Well stimulation vessel or well intervention vessel: A unit equipped for performing wire-line intervention (without riser) of subsea wells and or coiled tubing of subsea. The unit is generally operating on the same location for a limited period of time and is normally equipped with dynamic positioning system with several thrusters. The unit follows the normal class survey program. C 300 Symbols 301 The following Latin characters are used in this standard:
Table C1 Latin characters used V Speed in knots CW Wave coefficient as given in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4 av Vertical accelerations at Transverse acceleration al Longitudinal accelerations Mwv Vertical wave bending moment Mwh Horizontal wave bending moment Qwv Vertical wave shear force
202 Documentation for classification shall be in accordance with the NPS DocReq (DNV Nauticus Production System for documentation requirements) and Guideline No.17.
302
The following Greek characters are used in this standard:

Basic usage factor Coefficient depending on type of structure Permissible usage factor
B. Assumptions and Applications

B 100 General 101 It is assumed that the units will comply with the requirement for retention of the Class as defined in the DNV-OSS101. 102 This standard is applicable to hull and topside of shipshaped drilling and well service units, such as well stimulation and well intervention vessels, constructed in steel for both nonrestricted and restricted operations.
Table C2 Greek characters used
0 p
C 400 Abbreviations 401 The abbreviations given in Table C3 are used in this standard. Definitions are otherwise given in DNV-OS-C101 'Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General' (LRFD method).
Table C3 Abbreviations Abbreviation In full DFF Design fatigue factor NDT Non-destructive testing SCF Stress concentration factors WSD Working Stress Design
C. Definitions
C 100 Verbal forms 101 Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement to be followed for fulfilment or compliance with the present standard. Deviations are not permitted unless formally and rigorously justified, and accepted by all relevant contracting parties. 102 Should: Indicates a recommendation that a certain course of action is preferred or particularly suitable. Alternative courses of action are allowable under the standard where agreed between contracting parties but shall be justified and documented. 103 May: Indicates a permission, or an option, which is permitted as part of conformance with the standard.
D. References
D 100 DNV Offshore Standards, Rules and Classification Notes 101 The offshore standards and rules given in Table D1 are referred to in this standard.
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 6 Sec.1
Table D1 DNV Offshore Standards, Rules, Classification Notes and Recommended Practice Reference Title DNV-OS-C101 Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General (LRFD method) DNV-OS-C401 Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures DNV-OS-B101 Metallic Materials DNV-RP-C201 Buckling Strength of Plated Structures Classification Note Environmental Conditions and Environmental 30.5 Loads Classification Note Fatigue Assessment of Ship Structures 30.7 DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue Strength Analysis of Offshore Steel Structures
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SECTION 2 STRUCTURAL CATEGORISATION, MATERIAL SELECTION AND INSPECTION PRINCIPLES

A. Selection of Material
A 100 General 101 The material grade shall be selected according to DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. 102 The Design Temperature is by default -15C based on lowest mean daily air temperature. 103 Lower Design Temperatures than -15C may be specified. The DNV DAT(-XC) notation is mandatory in such cases. 104 In structural cross-joints where high tensile stresses are acting perpendicular to the plane of the plate, the plate material shall be tested according to DNV-OS-B101 Sec.6 to prove the ability to resist lamellar tearing (Z-quality). 105 The steel grades selected for structural elements shall comply with the requirements given in the DNV-OS-B101. 106 For stiffeners, the grade of material may be determined based on the thickness of the web. 107 The grade of materials for Offshore Crane pedestals and supporting structure shall not be less than NVE. 108 Structural elements used only in temporary conditions, e.g. fabrication, are not considered in this standard. A 200 Design temperature for elements not specified by the DAT(-XC) notation 201 When the DAT(-XC) is relevant, the design temperature is used for selection of materials, ref. DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.1 Sec.7. 202 The topside structures shall be regarded as External Structure according to the definition given in the DAT(-XC) notation. 203 Materials for structural members which are not defined as External Structure, may be selected according to DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. A 300 Structural categorisation
complex connection shows a more three-dimensional stress state due to external loading than simple connections. This stress state may provide basis for a cleavage fracture. The fracture toughness is dependent on temperature and material thickness. These parameters are accounted for separately in selection of material. The resulting fracture toughness in the weld and the heat affected zone is also dependent on the fabrication method. Thus, to avoid brittle fracture, first a material with suitable fracture toughness for the actual design temperature and thickness is selected. Then a proper fabrication method is used. In special cases post weld heat treatment may be performed to reduce crack driving stresses. Inspection is carried out to detect unacceptable planar defects. In this standard selection of material with appropriate fracture toughness and avoidance of unacceptable defects are achieved by linking different types of connections to different structural categories and inspection categories.
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302 Structural members not covered by the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 shall be categorised according to A400. A 400 Material Class for structural member not covered by the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. 401 Structural members are classified into Material Classes according to the following criteria: significance of member in terms of consequence of failure stress condition at the considered detail that together with possible weld defects or fatigue cracks may provoke brittle fracture.
Guidance note: The consequence of failure may be quantified in terms of residual strength of the structure when considering failure of the actual component.
301 In DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 materials are categorised into Material Classes. The purpose of the structural categorisation is to ensure adequate material and suitable inspection to avoid brittle fracture, and to ensure sufficient fracture resistance of a material (stress intensity factor) to avoid crack sizes which may develop into brittle fracture at certain stress situations.
Guidance note: Conditions that may result in brittle fracture should be avoided. Brittle fracture may occur under a combination of: - presence of sharp defects such as cracks - high tensile stress in direction normal to planar defect(s) - material with low fracture toughness. Sharp cracks resulting from fabrication may be found by inspection and repaired. Fatigue cracks may also be discovered during service life by inspection. High stresses in a component may occur due to welding. A complex connection is likely to provide more restraint and larger residual stress than a simple one. This residual stress may be partly removed by post weld heat treatment if necessary. Also a
402 The principles for determination of Material Classes are given in Table A1.
Table A1 Material Classes Material Class I and II III Principles for determination of structural category Structural parts where failure will be without significant consequence. Structural parts where failure will have substantial consequences Structural parts where failure will have substantial consequences and are subject to a stress condition that may increase the probability of a brittle fracture. 1) Equivalent structural category in the DNV OS- standards Secondary Primary
IV
Special
1)
In complex joints a tri-axial or bi-axial stress pattern will be present. This may give conditions for brittle fracture where tensile stresses are present in addition to presence of defects and material with low fracture toughness.
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403 The material class for specific structural members is given in Table A2.
Table A2 Material Classes Material Structural member Class Outfitting steel Mezzanine decks, platforms Pipe support structure I Letdown platforms. Doubler plates, closer plates and support infill steels in topside structures. 1) Stair towers. Module decks plates, stiffeners and girders. Bulkheads structure (plate, web frames, and stiffeners) in II modules. Longitudinal bulkheads in way of moonpool. Offshore Crane boom rest support structure. Main girders and columns in truss work type modules. Topside support stools with brackets of soft nose design 2) Ref. Figure 1 III Pipe rack stanchions. Drill-floor substructure. Helicopter deck substructure. Main girders in drill-floor. Deck and bottom corner plates in moonpool. IV Topside support stools with brackets without soft nose Derrick support structure.
1) 2) To have the same minimum yield strength as the material to which they are attached. Length 'a' to be 0.35l, minimum 120 mm. 'a' need not to be bigger than 500 mm.
IC = I IC = II
IC = II except as shown
Full penetration weld
Z- Quality
Full penetration weld
Z- Quality
Deck plate
IC = I 500 mm each side
Figure 2 Offshore Crane pedestal
No uplift expected
Uplift expected
B. Inspection Principles
B 100 General 101 The purpose of inspection is to detect and remove defects that may grow into fatigue cracks during service life. 102 When determining the locations of required nondestructive testing (NDT), consideration should be given to relevant fabrication parameters including; location of block (section) joints manual versus automatic welding start and stop of weld. B 200 Hull structure 201 The extent of non-destructive testing during fabrication of the hull shall be in accordance with DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.7. B 300 Topside structure 301 Fabrication and testing of topside structure shall comply with the requirements in DNV-OS-C401. The requirements are based on the consideration of fatigue damage and assessment of general fabrication quality. 302 The inspection categories are related to the structural categories as shown in Table B1.
Table B1 Inspection categories Inspection Material Equivalent structural category in the category Class DNV OS- standards I IV Special II III Primary III I and II Secondary
Partly penetration weld . IC = I
Full penetration weld . IC = I
Fillet or partly penetration weld . IC = II Fillet or partly penetration weld . IC = II Full penetration weld. IC = I
Fillet or partly penetration weld . IC = II Partly penetration weld . IC = I Full penetration weld . IC = I
Figure 1 Minimum requirements to topside stool with soft nose brackets
303 The weld connection between two components shall be assigned inspection category according to the highest of the joined components. For stiffened plates, the weld connection between the plate and stiffener, stringer, and girder web to the plate may be inspected according to inspection category III. DET NORSKE VERITAS
304 If the fabrication quality is assessed by testing, or well known quality from previous experience, the extent of inspection required for elements within Material Class III may be reduced, but not less than for inspection category III. 305 Fatigue critical details within Material Class II and III shall be inspected according to requirements in inspection category I. 306 Welds in fatigue critical areas not accessible for inspection and repair during operation shall be inspected according to requirements in inspection category I.
307 The extent of NDT for welds in block joints and erection joints transverse to main stress direction shall not be less than for inspection category II. 308 Topside stools, or topside - hull connections, similar to Figure 1, Material Class III, shall be inspected according to the requirements in inspection category I for the areas shown in Figure 1. 309 Inspection categories for Offshore Crane pedestals and the supporting structure are given in Figure 2.
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SECTION 3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

A. Introduction
A 100 Overall design principles B 100 101 This section defines the principles for design of the hull and topside structures. 102 The overall principles are based on the following:
B. Hull Strength
Hull girder and hull girder structural members 101 The hull girder and it's structural members may be designed according to DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. Permissible still water curves for bending moments and shear forces shall be calculated considering all relevant load conditions in transit and operation. 102 The stress distribution in areas with global stress concentrations, such as moonpool openings, shall be derived from Finite Element analysis and used as basis for buckling and yield capacity assessment. 103 For units intended to operate in regions exposed to exceptional environmental conditions, e.g. typhoons or hurricanes, the longitudinal strength of the hull shall be assessed as a normal operating condition. The wave bending moments and shear forces shall be derived from direct calculations based on the environmental data for the exceptional wave data based on 100 years return period. The basic utilisation factor 0 is thus 0.8 according to load combination b) in Table C2. 104 For unit not intended to stay on location during the exceptional environmental conditions, the longitudinal strength of the hull unit is regarded as an accidental condition and shall be assessed according the load combination d) in Table C2.
the safety of the structure can be demonstrated by addressing the potential structural failure mode(s) when the unit is subjected to loads scenarios encountered during transit, operation and in harbour. the structural requirements are based on a consistent set of loads that represent typical worst possible loading scenarios the unit has inherent redundancy. The units structure works in a hierarchical manner and as such, failure of structural elements lower down in the hierarchy should not result in immediate consequential failure of elements higher up in the hierarchy structural continuity is ensured. The hull, topside structure and their elements should have uniform ductility permanent deformations are minimised. Local yielding and permanent deformations of local panel or individual stiffened plate members may be acceptable provided that this does not affect the structural integrity, containment integrity or the performance of structural or other systems the unit has adequate structural redundancy to survive in the event that the structure is accidentally damaged, for example, minor impact leading to flooding of any compartment or dropped objects from crane operations. 103 Topside structural elements shall be fabricated according to the requirements given in DNV-OS-C401. A 200 Operational modes
C. Topside facilities and supporting structure

C 100 General design principles 101 For world wide operation of the unit, the hull girder bending moments, shear forces and accelerations defined in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 may be used in the assessment of the topside structure. Alternatively the values may be derived from direct calculations according to C602, and used in the assessment of topside structure and topside support structure. 102 In the operating conditions, the topside loads are normally different from the transit conditions and direct calculations of the accelerations may be carried out. The assessment shall comply with the following principles: the heading profile of the ship shall to be taken into consideration operational limitation profile to be established loading conditions for each operational restriction and corresponding mass distribution to be established direct calculations of the accelerations may be carried out. The accelerations need not exceed the accelerations calculated according to the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. 103 The deformations due to hull girder bending and stiffness variations of the supporting structure shall be accounted for in the structural analyses. C 200 Load combinations
201 All relevant modes of operation shall be considered. Typically, the assessment of the unit shall be based on the following operational modes: all operating conditions, intact and damaged, at the design location(s) all transit conditions dry-docking condition. A 300 Local design loads
301 The local design loads for design of decks for within the hull, accommodation and deck houses are given in the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. Local loads for topside facilities are given in Section 4. A 400 Still water loading conditions
401 Still water loading conditions shall be given in the loading manual. All still water loading conditions in transit (at sea), for operation and for harbour situations shall be less, or equal to, the maximum permissible bending moments and shear forces given in the Class Certificate (limit curves.) The global weight of the topside facilities shall be included. The curves for permissible bending moments and shear forces are used as basis for the still water loads in the longitudinal strength assessment.
201 Each structural member shall be designed for the most unfavourable of the loading conditions given in Table C1.
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Table C1 Load combinations Combination Description a) Static loads b) maximum combined static and dynamic loads c) accidental loads and associated static loads d) maximum combined operational static loads and dynamic loads from exceptional environmental situations, e.g. hurricane or typhoon Notes: c) d) represent accidental conditions with little probability of occurrence such as explosions, fire, dropped objects etc. represent an exceptional environmental condition, e.g. hurricane or typhoon situation, with return period of 100 years. The load combination is applicable to units not intended to stay on location during the exceptional environmental condition. Units intended to stay on location during the exceptional environmental condition shall be assessed according to b).
C 500 Yield check 501 Structural members shall be cheeked for excessive yielding. 502 Individual stress components and the von Mises equivalent stress for plated structures shall not exceed the permissible stress specified in Section 5.
Guidance note: For plated structures the von Mises equivalent stress is defined as follows:
j = x 2 + 2 y x y + 3 2
where x and y are membrane stresses in x- and y-direction respectively, is shear stress in the x-y plane, i.e. local bending stresses in plate thickness not included.
For each of the load combinations in Table C1 and for each structural element, the combination of loads, positions and directions giving the most unfavourable load effect shall be used in the analyses. C 300 Working Stress Design method (WSD) 301 In WSD the target component safety level is achieved by comparing the calculated stress for different load combinations with maximum permissible stress. The maximum permissible stress is defined by multiplication of the characteristic strength, or capacity, of the structural member with a permissible usage factors. 302 The permissible usage factors are a function of loading condition, failure mode and importance of strength member. 303 The maximum permissible usage factor, p, is calculated by:
503 Local peak stresses by FE analysis in areas with pronounced geometrical changes, such as in moonpool corners, frame corners etc., may exceed the permissible usage factor in 303 provided plastic mechanisms are not developed in the adjacent structural parts.
Guidance note: fy 2 Linear peak stress (von Mises) of 400 ---------- N/mm is generf yNS ally acceptable. fyNS and fy are the yield stresses for normal steel (235 MPa) and the minimum specified yield stress of the actual material, respectively.
p = 0
where: 0 = basic usage factor = coefficient depending on type of structure, see Table B1 in section 5 304 Stresses shall be calculated using gross thicknesses, provided the corrosion protection system prevent structural diminution throughout the design life. C 400 Basic usage factors 401 For the topside facilities and the supporting structure, including the supporting elements within the hull, the permissible utilisation factors for structural strength are given in Table C2.
Table C2 Basic usage factors 0 a) 0.60 Load combination b) c) 0.80 1.00 d) 1.00
C 600 Design accelerations, bending moments and shear forces 601 The basic responses vertical accelerations av, transverse acceleration at, longitudinal accelerations al, wave bending moments and shear forces shall be determined according to the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. The roll radius of gyration kr and metacentric height GM used in the calculation of roll acceleration shall be based on representative global distribution of masses in the hull and topside. 602 Alternatively direct calculations may be used. If direct calculations are carried out, the wave load analysis shall be carried out based on the principles given in DNV-OS-C102. 603 The ship motions, accelerations, moments and shear forces shall be given as extreme values (i.e. probability level = 10-8 for North Atlantic scatter diagram assuming omnidirectional waves with equal probability of occurrence. C 700 Combination of hull responses The basic accelerations, hull bending moments and shear forces may be combined accounting for joint probability of occurrence. In principle each response parameter is in turn maximised and combined with fraction of the other responses. C 800 Capacity models for strength 801 The model used for yield and buckling strength assessment of the topside structure shall be capable of describing the stress distribution in the structure to the required degree of accuracy. 802 The following aspects are the basis for selection of strength capacity models: simplified models may be used for elements which are analysed at a later stage by means of more accurate methods. simplified models where some of the stress components are neglected are to always give conservative results. capability of response calculations to represent the physical behaviour of the structure up to the given load level
The basic usage factor 0 accounts for: possible unfavourable deviations of specified or expected loads uncertainties in the model and analysis used for determination of load effects possible unfavourable deviations in the resistance of materials possible reduced resistance of the materials in the structure, as a whole, as compared to the values deduced from test specimens deviation from calculated responses due to fabrication.
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complexity of structure complexity of loads. C 900 Capacity models for fatigue 901 The fatigue capacity shall be documented according to the principles and methods given in DNV Classification Note 30.7 or DNV-RP-C203. 902 Simplified fatigue methods may be used when the long term distribution of stresses can be described by a stress range and a Weibull shape parameter.
Guidance note: In cases where the total stress range comprises stresses from several load responses, a combined Weibull parameter should be used.
culated considering the combined effects of global and local structural responses. 904 The resistance against fatigue is normally given as S-N curves, i.e. stress range (S) versus number of cycles to failure (N) based on fatigue tests. Fatigue failure should be defined as when the crack has grown through the thickness. 905 The required fatigue life of new units shall be minimum 20 years assuming that the unit complies with the DNV requirements for dry-docking inspection. A design fatigue factor (DFF) of 1.0 is thus acceptable for all structural elements which are accessible for inspection and repair during docking. Higher DFF according to DNV-OS-C102 Appendix A should be used in case the structure is not accessible for inspection. 906 The effect of mean stresses may be accounted for according to guidelines given in CN.30.7. 907 The stresses may be based on gross thicknesses (i.e. without deducting the corrosion additions).
903 The accumulated fatigue damage from the transit and operating conditions shall be calculated according to the operational characteristics of the unit. The fatigue life shall be cal-
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SECTION 4 DESIGN LOADS

A. Introduction
A 100 General 101 The accelerations from the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 shall be used for design of the topside facilities with loads present in the transit conditions. 102 In the operational conditions, the structure shall be assessed for a set of loading conditions containing operational restriction and corresponding loads, ref Sec.3 Design Principles. 103 The static and dynamic loads acting on the topside facilities are determined according to the following paragraphs in this section. 104 The combination of accelerations of drilling units of conventional hull form used in the structural assessment of the topside facilities and hull-topside interface are given in this section. The combination of accelerations may alternatively be determined by direct calculations. A 200 201 p Definitions Symbols: = design pressure in kN/m
Table B1 Local static loads Plates and stiffeners Evenly Point distributed 2) load (kN) load (kN/m Decks Storage areas in q 1.5 q modules 2) 2) Lay down areas q 1.5 q Lifeboat platforms 9.0 9.0 Area between 5.0 5.0 equipment Walkways, staircases and plat4.0 4.0 forms, crew spaces Walkways and staircases for 3.0 3.0 inspection only Minimum values for areas not given 2.5 2.5 above 1)
1) 2)
Girders (kN/m2)
f*q f*q 9.0*f 5.0*f 4.0*f 3.0*f 2.5
The minimum values shall be determined considering the weights of the equipment and bulks, which may be located on the area. The minimum values shall not be less than 2.5 kN/m2 The distributed loads, q, to be evaluated for each case. Lay down areas should not be designed for less than 15 kN/m2.
202 The load point for which the design pressure shall be calculated is defined for various strength members as follows: a) For plates: midpoint of horizontally stiffened plate field. Half of the stiffener spacing above the lower support of vertically stiffened plate field, or at lower edge of plate when the thickness is changed within the plate field. b) For stiffeners: midpoint of span. When the pressure is not varied linearly over the span the design pressure shall be taken as the greater of:
pm and
pa + pb 2
Notes: wheel loads to be added to distributed loads where relevant. (Wheel loads can normally be considered acting on an area of 300 x 300 mm.) point load may be applied on an area 100 x 100 mm, and at the most severe position, but not added to wheel loads or distributed loads the factor f may be taken as: 3 f = min 1. 0 ; 0.5 + ------- A where A is the loaded area in m2. B 200 Liquid in tanks 201 The local strength requirements to plates, stiffeners and simple girders in tanks shall comply with the requirements in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. The allowable stress for longitudinal members need not be less than 160 MPa.
pm, pa and pb are calculated pressure at the midpoint and at each end respectively. c) For girders: midpoint of load area.
B. Local static loads in topside structure

B 100 Local loads on decks and bulkheads 101 The local static loads for decks and bulkheads in topside facilities, which are not part of a tank, are given in Table B1 below. For areas not specifically mentioned in Table B1, relevant values in the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 may be used.
C. Global static loads in topside structure

C 100 General 101 The static loads to be applied for the global analysis of the topside facilities or in the still water loading conditions of the unit are in principle determined by considering the permanent loads and realistic values for simultaneously acting variable loads. 102 The total static load of a module, excluding tank loads,
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is determined according to:
qS = Fs + Fek + K k Pv k A
k =1 k =1
Positive shear force act down at aft end and up at forward end of a part of the ship 102 For units with double side, the horizontal bending moment can be ignored for design of topside structures. 103 The vertical shear force can normally be ignored, unless the vertical relative shear deformation of the support stools of the module are significant. E 200 Transit conditions
qS Fs Fe n K 1) Pv m A
Static global weight of module (kN) Total steel weight of decks (kN) Weight of equipment (kN) Total number of heavy equipment (>50kN) Global load reduction factor for the deck considered to account for simultaneous acting module loads = Evenly distributed design load (kN/m2) for the deck considered, ref Table B1. = Total number of decks = Loaded area of deck considered (area covered by equipment may be excluded)
= = = = =
201 Referring to Table E1 one load case should be generated for each of the maximum basic responses for the head sea, beam sea and oblique sea. For symmetrical structures about a longitudinal and transverse plane through the centre of gravity of the topside structure, load combination 4 and 7 may be omitted.
Table E1 Combination of dynamic responses in transit Combination with fraction of responses Heading Load Maximum case response Mwv Qwv MWh av at Head Sea Beam Sea Oblique Sea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mwv Mwv at at al at at -1.0 1.0 +a +a +h -k -k 1.0 -1.0 +a +a -h +k +k 0.0 0.0 -b -b -i -l -l 0.5 -0.5 1.0 1.0 -j +m +m 0.0 0.0 1.0 -1.0 0.4 1.0 -1.0
1) Typical values are between 0.5 and 0.7
103 The tank loads within a module shall be added, if relevant. 104 The load used should include all equipment over 50 kN plus the sum of all realistic deck loads accounting for the joint probability of occurrence.
al -r +r -c -c 1.0 0.9 0.9
D. Global static and dynamic loads in topside structure

D 100 General 101 The dynamic loads to be combined with the global static loads are determined by multiplying the masses with the design acceleration.
where: Values for L > 200 m 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.9 1.0 0 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.6 Values for L < 100 m 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.7 1.0
E. Combination of accelerations, bending moments and shear forces

E 100 Basic responses 101 The basic hull girder responses according to the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 used for design of the topside facilities are: av at al MW QW = = = = = vertical accelerations transverse acceleration longitudinal accelerations wave bending moment wave shear force
a b c h i j k l m r
= = = = = = = = = =
-0.003 L + 1.3 -0.006 L + 1.5 -0.003 L + 0.7 0.002 L + 0.5 0.003 L + 0.4 -0.002 L + 0.4 -0.003 L + 0.7 -0.001 L + 1.1 -0.004 L + 1.1 -0.004 L + 1.4
L = Length of unit (m), shall not be taken higher than 200 nor less than 100. E 300 Operating conditions
The sign convention is according to the coordinate system below:
301 The basic hull girder responses shall be determined for loads present in the operating conditions provided the effect of these loads has not been considered in the transit analysis. 302 The following heading profile of the ship shall be considered, unless documented otherwise: Head sea +15 degrees -15 degrees +30 degrees -30 degrees : : : : : 60% 15% 15% 5% 5%
Positive vertical bending moment gives longitudinal tension stress in deck. Positive horizontal bending moment gives longitudinal tension stress at starboard side.
A cosine square energy distribution may be considered. Based on the heading profile in 302 the load cases given in
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Table E2 shall be analysed.

Table E2 Combination of dynamic responses in operating conditions Combination with fraction of responses Heading Load Maximum case response at Mwv Qwv Mwh av 0.9 -0.9 -a -b -c 8 al 9 at -d +d -1.0 0.8 1.0 Operation -1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 +f 10 av
al 1.0 -e -g
applied loads in an integrated hull-topside model. If the topside module is analysed separately from the hull, the hull deformation caused by the bending moments shall be applied to the model. The deformations should be determined by finite element analysis. Within regions with no global stress concentrations, the longitudinal deformation in deck may alternatively be determined by:
=
0.5 ( M 1 + M 2 ) l1 ZE
where: Values for Values for L > 200 m L < 100 m 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.6
a b c d e f g
= = = = = = =
0.002 L + 0.6 0.003 L + 0.2 -0.002 L + 0.8 0.004 L + 0.2 0.004 L + 0.2 -0.005 L + 1.3 0.004 L + 0.2
l1
M Z E l1
1)
L = Length of unit (m), shall not be taken larger than 200 m nor less than 100 m.
= longitudinal deformation between sections 1 and 2 = design bending moment at sections 1 and 2 1) = section modulus at the deck at the interface with topside structure = Youngs modulus of elasticity = distance between sections 1 and 2
The design bending moment in both a), b) and d) load combinations to be considered, ref. Sec.3 Table C2.
F. Hull deformation
F 100 General 101 The Tables E1 and E2 give combination factors for
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SECTION 5 STRENGTH OF TOPSIDE STRUCTURES

A. Introduction
A 100 General 101 This section gives provisions for checking of ultimate strength for typical topside structures such as: drill-floor and substructure derrick modules deck houses which carry loads from risers, mud, brine etc. tion of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.3 C. 102 The plate thickness t shall not to be less than: 5 t= + t k (mm) f1 where: f1 = See DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.2. 103 The thickness of plating subjected to lateral pressure shall not be less than:
t = 15.8 ka s p
102 Local requirements to plates, stiffeners and simple girders in tanks are given in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 and thus not covered by this section. 103 Deck houses, accommodation or superstructure, which is not part of the load-bearing structure for typical offshore element loads, may be designed according to DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. 104 Topside structures of truss work type of structure as the primary load-bearing elements and where the plates are not included in assessment of the global strength, the plates with stiffeners may comply only with the local requirements. 105 When the plates with stiffeners are part of the primary load-bearing structure, both local and global requirements must be complied with.
P f y
+ tk
(mm)
B. Permissible stresses
B 100 General 101 The maximum permissible usage factor, p, is calculated by: p = 0
ka = correction factor for aspect ratio of plate field = (1.1 - 0.25 s/l)2 maximum 1.0 for s/l = 0.4 minimum 0.72 for s/l = 1.0 s = stiffener spacing in m l = stiffener span in m p = local design load in Sec.4 B and E P = permissible utilisation factors as given in Sec.3 fy = minimum yield strength tk = corrosion addition according to the Ship Rules, Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.2 Table D1. tk = 0 for elements which are not part of a tank. C 200 Stiffeners 201 The section modulus Zs for longitudinals, beams, frames and other stiffeners subjected to lateral load shall not be less than:
0 = basic usage factor as given in Sec.3 C400 = coefficient depending on type of structure, see Table B1.
Table B1 Multiplication coefficient Load combination (ref Sec.3) a) b) c) d) Local requirements to plates and stiffeners 1.14 1.0 NA NA Local requirements to web area of girders 0.71 1.0 1.0 1.0 and stringers Local requirements to section modulus of 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 girders and stringers Global strength of topside load-bearing 1.14 1.0 1.0 1.0 elements in general Global strength of drill-floor, substruc1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ture, flare, derrick Global strength of support structure for 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 modules, over and under deck Buckling stability check in general 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Items
ZS =
l2 s p 106 km P f y
(mm )
3
Minimum 15000 mm3 = = = = P = fy = l s p km effective stiffener span in m stiffener spacing in m, measured along the plating local design load in Sec.4 B and E bending moment factor, see Table D1 permissible utilisation factors as given in Sec.3 specified minimum yield stress of the material in N/mm2
202 The requirement in 201 applies to an axis parallel to the plating. For stiffeners at an oblique angle with the plating, the required section modulus shall be multiplied by: 1 ----------cos
= angle in degrees1) between the stiffener web plane and the plane perpendicular to the plating.
C. Local requirements to plates and stiffeners

C 100 Plates 101 The local requirements to end connections of stiffeners and design of brackets are given in DNV Rules for Classifica-
1) is to be taken as 90 degrees if the angle is greater or equal to 75 degrees.
203 Stiffeners with sniped ends may be accepted where dynamic stresses are small and vibrations are considered to be of minor importance, provided that the plate thickness t sup-
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ported by the stiffener is not less than: ( l 0.5 s ) sp t = 1. 25 -------------------------------f1 (mm)
In such cases the required section modulus in 201 shall be based on the following parameter values: km = 8 The stiffeners should normally be snipped to an angle of maximum 30.
Guidance note: For typical sniped end details as described above, a stress range lower than 30 MPa can be considered as small dynamic stress.
l0 = = = Sg =
distance between points of zero bending moments in m Sg for simply supported girders 0.6 Sg for girders fixed at both ends girder span as if simply supported.
D. Local requirements to simple girders

D 100 General 101 The requirements in this sub-section give minimum scantlings to simple girders with respect to yield. When boundary conditions for individual girders are not predictable due to dependence of adjacent structures, direct calculations shall be carried out. 102 The local requirements to end connections of girders and design of brackets are given in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.3 C. 103 The requirements for section modulus and web area given in D500 apply to simple girders supporting stiffeners, or other girders, exposed to linearly distributed lateral load. It is assumed that the girder satisfies the basic assumptions of simple beam theory, and that the supported members are approximately evenly spaced and similarly supported at both ends. Other loads should be specially considered based on the same beam-theory. 104 The section modulus and web area of the girder shall be taken in accordance with particulars as given in D500. Structural modelling in connection with direct stress analysis shall be based on the same particulars when applicable. 105 Dimensions and further references with respect to buckling capacity are given in sub-section F. D 200 Minimum thickness 201 The thickness of web and flange plating shall not be less than: for longitudinal girders located lower than 4.0 m above the upper continuous deck of the hull or up to the first deck in modules or topside deck houses: t = 5 + 0.01 L (mm), maximum 8 mm for longitudinal girders at higher locations or transverse girders: t = 4 + 0.01 L (mm), maximum 7 mm, minimum 5 mm. D 300 Effective flange 301 The effective plate flange area is defined as the crosssectional area of plating within the effective flange width. The cross section area of continuous stiffeners within the effective flange may be included. The effective flange width be is determined by: be = Ceb (m) Ce = parameter given in Figure 1 for various numbers of evenly spaced point loads (Np) on the girder span b = full breadth of plate flange in m, e.g. span of the supported stiffeners, or distance between girders
Figure 1 Graphs for the effective flange parameter Ce
D 400 Effective web 401 Cut-outs in the web of girders are generally accepted, provided the shear stress level, buckling capacity and fatigue life are acceptable. D 500 Strength requirements for simple girders 501 Simple girders subjected to lateral loads and which are not taking part in the overall strength of the unit, shall comply with the following: 502 Minimum section modulus Section modulus Zg:
Zg = Sg b p km p f y
2
106
(mm )
3
503
Minimum web area after deduction of cut-outs:
AW =
k S g b p N s Pp
10 3
(mm 2 )
The web area at the middle of the span is not to be less than 0.5 AW. Sg = girder span in m. The web height of in-plane girders may be deducted. When bracket(s) are fitted at the end(s), the girder span Sg may be reduced by two thirds of the bracket arm length(s), provided the girder end(s) can be assumed clamped, and that the section modulus at the end(s) of the girder is satisfactory. The brackets may be included in the calculation of section modulus. b = breadth of load area in m (plate flange), b may be determined as: = 0.5 (l1 + l2) where l1 and l2 are the spans of the supported stiffeners on both sides of the girder, respectively, or distance between girders p = local design load in Sec.4 B and E km = bending moment factor, see Table D1 k = shear force factor, see Table D1 p = permissible utilisation factors as given in Sec.3 p = permissible shear stress in N/mm2 0.39 fy for load combination a) 0.46 fy for load combination b) Ns = number of supported stiffeners on girder span Pp = average point load from stiffener fy = specified minimum yield stress of the material in N/mm2
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504 The km value in 501 may be calculated according to general beam theory. In Table D1, km-values are given for some defined load and boundary conditions. Note that the smallest km-value shall be applied to simple girders. For girders where brackets are fitted or the flange area has been partly increased due to large bending moment, a larger km-value may be used outside the strengthened region.
Table D1 Values of km and k Load and boundary conditions Positions 1 Support 2 Field 3 Support Bending moment and shear force factors 1 2 3 km1 km2 km3 k1 k3 12 0.5 0.38 0.5 15 0.3 0.2 0.33 24 12 0.5 8 0.63 0.5 10 0.7 7.5 0.8 0.67
F. Buckling stability
F 100 Bars, beams, columns and frames 101 Elements with cross sections which do not satisfy the requirements to cross section type III defined in Appendix A, shall be checked for local buckling. 102 Buckling analysis shall be based on the characteristic buckling resistance for the most unfavourable buckling mode. 103 The characteristic buckling strength shall be based on the 5th percentile of test results. 104 It shall be ensured that there is conformity between the initial imperfections in the buckling resistance formulas and the tolerances in the applied fabrication standard.
Guidance note: If buckling resistance is calculated in accordance with Classification Note 30.1 for bars and frames, the tolerance requirements given in DNV-OS-C401 should not be exceeded, unless specifically documented.
14.2 8
F 200
Flat plated structures and stiffened panels
23.3
201 The buckling stability of plated structures may be checked according to DNV-RP-C201. F 300 Tubulars 301 Tubular members may be checked according to Classification Note 30.1 or API RP 2A - WSD. For interaction between local shell buckling and column buckling, and effect of external pressure, DNV-RP-C202 may be considered. 302 Cross sections of tubular member are divided into different types dependent of their ability to develop plastic hinges and resist local buckling. Effect of local buckling of slender cross sections shall be considered.
Guidance note: a) Effect of local buckling of tubular members without external pressure, i.e. subject to axial force and/or bending moment) are given in Appendix A, cross section type IV. Section 3.8 of DNV-RP-C202 may be used. Effect of local buckling of tubular members with external pressure need not be considered for the following diameter Dm to thickness t ratio:
16.8
7.8
E. Complex girder systems

E 100 General description 101 For girders that are parts of a complex 2- or 3-dimensional structural system, a complete structural analysis shall be carried out to demonstrate that the stresses are acceptable with respect to yield and buckling. 102 The method used in the analysis shall be capable of describing the physical behaviour of the structure when exposed to the required load levels in the limit states considered. 103 For girder systems consisting of slender girders, the assessment for all load combination Sec.3 Table C1 can normally be based on elastic beam theory. Due attention shall be given to:
b)
Dm E ------- 0.5 --t fy

where
shear area variation, e.g. due to cut-outs moment of inertia variation effective flange lateral buckling of girder flanges.
Loads
E fy
= modulus of elasticity and = minimum yield strength.

E 200
303 Tubular members with external pressure, tubular joints and conical transitions may be checked according to API RP 2A-WSD. F 400 Capacity checks according to other codes 401 Stiffeners and girders may be checked according to provisions for beams in recognised standards such as AISC-ASD.
Guidance note: The principles and effects of cross section types are included in the AISC-ASD.
201 Both global and local loads as defined in Sec.4 shall be considered. The relevant load combinations given in Sec.3 Table C1 shall be addressed. E 300 Impact from connecting structure
301 The impact of structures connected to the part covered by the capacity model shall be included in the assessment of the girders.
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SECTION 6 ASSESSMENT OF HULL TOPSIDE INTERFACE

A. Introduction
A 100 General considerations 101 The overall principles for assessment of hull-topside interface are given in Sec.3, both for an integrated hull-topside analysis and for separate capacity models for the topside structure. This section gives provisions for checking of ultimate strength for typical hull - topside interface structure. 102 Topside supporting structure is the structural elements of which the strength and fatigue capacities may be affected by the presence of the topside structure. This includes elements like support stools for topside modules, and the parts of the hull structure where the additional stresses from the topside structure is of such a magnitude that the yield, buckling and fatigue capacities need to be assessed. 103 In case of separate local models for hull and topside structures, part of the topside structure may be required to be included in the hull model to ensure that the reaction forces from the topside model will be applied to the hull model at a location which will have negligible impact on the stress distribution in the hull model. 204 When peak stress criterion is applied in the assessment, the mesh shall be such that the area which exceeds the yield stress of the material is determined to such a degree that it is possible to evaluate the impact on adjacent elements.
Guidance note: Element size of 50 by 50 mm is typically required in such areas.
B 300
Loads
301 The hull girder bending moments and shear forces in the sagging and hogging conditions shall be applied. The still water values shall not be smaller than the Permissible Still Water Bending moment values. The still water shear forces shall be corrected according to the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. 302 Tank pressure on elements within the model and loads from heavy equipment shall be included provided the response from these loads will increase the stresses in the topside supporting structure. 303 Both static loads and inertial forces from hull accelerations shall be applied. In case of separate models for the topside structure, all six reaction load components shall be applied at the interface. B 400 Combination of loads 401 The dynamic loads combination may account for joint probability of occurrence. Unless direct analysis is carried out to determine the phases between the dynamic responses, the loads may be combined according to Table E1 and E2 in Sec.4. B 500 Acceptance criteria 501 The yield and buckling capacity for the structural elements below and including the deck on which the topside is connected shall comply with the requirements in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1. Alternatively the assessment may be based on the design principles given in Sec.3 in this standard.
B. Strength assessment
B 100 General 101 The structural strength of the supporting structure of topside structures shall be documented by means of Finite Element (FE) analyses, or equivalent methods. Typical supporting structures to be analysed are:
drill floor substructure module supports support structure for rail for cranes and other heavy equipment like BOP, X-mas trees, etc.
B 200 Requirements to the FE model 201 The extent of the model shall be based on requirements to determine the stress distribution from:
hull girder bending moments and shear forces local loads from equipment, lateral pressures in tanks and such.
202 The boundary conditions applied to the model shall not introduce significant errors in the structural response. 203 The mesh size shall be sufficient to determine the stress distribution in relation to the acceptance criteria used. C 100
C. Fatigue assessment
General 101 The fatigue life of the topside supporting structure shall be documented according to the principles and requirements given in Sec.7 Fatigue Capacity Assessment.
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SECTION 7 FATIGUE CAPACITY ASSESSMENT

A. Introduction
A 100 General 101 This section gives provisions for assessment of fatigue capacity of the structural details in the unit. The assessment shall account for all significant loads contributing to fatigue damage. 102 In the assessment of fatigue life, consideration shall be given to the stress concentration factors from fabrication imperfections which exceed the values included in the S/N curves.
C. Structural Details and Stress Concentration Factors

C 100 General 101 Fatigue sensitive details in the hull shall be documented to have sufficient fatigue strength. Particular attention should be given to the following details:
B. Principles and methodology

B 100 Assessment principles 101 The accumulated fatigue damage from the transit and operating conditions shall be calculated according to the operational characteristics of the unit. The fatigue life shall be calculated considering the combined effects of global and local structural response. 102 The resistance against fatigue is normally given as S-N curves, i.e. stress range (S) versus number of cycles to failure (N) based on fatigue tests. Fatigue failure should be defined as when the crack has grown through the thickness. 103 The required fatigue life of new units shall be minimum 20 years assuming that the unit complies with the DNV requirements for dry-docking inspection. A design fatigue factor (DFF) of 1.0 is thus acceptable for all structural elements which are accessible for inspection and repair during docking. Higher DFF according to DNV-OS-C102 Appendix A should be used in case the structure is not accessible for inspection. 104 The effect of mean stresses may be accounted for according to guidelines given in CN.30.7. 105 The stresses may be based on gross thicknesses (i.e. without deducting the corrosion additions). B 200 Methods for fatigue capacity 201 The fatigue analysis should be based on S-N data, determined by fatigue testing of the considered welded detail, and the linear damage hypothesis. When appropriate, the fatigue analysis may alternatively be based on fracture mechanics. 202 Acceptable analysis methods for calculation of the accumulated damage are given in DNV Classification Note 30.7 and DNV-RP-C203.
Guidance note: Requirements to fatigue assessment may be given by additional DNV Class Notations like CSA-2 of FMS.
main deck, including deck penetrations, bottom structure and side shell hull longitudinal stiffener connections to transverse frames and bulkheads shell plate below the draught in full load condition hopper tank knuckles and other relevant discontinuities attachments, foundations, supports etc. to main deck and bottom structure topside and hull connections including substructure for drill floor openings and penetrations in longitudinal members transverse frames.
102 Stress concentration factors of local details may be determined according to Classification Note 30.7. For details not covered by Classification Note 30.7, or documented in other recognised publications, detailed finite element analysis should be carried out for determination of SCFs, according to the procedure given in Classification Note 30.7.
D. Design Loads and Calculation of Stress Ranges

D 100 Local and global loads 101 The accumulated damage in transit may be based on the World Wide scatter diagram as given in CN 30.7. 102 In the operating conditions the site specific scatter diagram(s) should be used as basis for the calculations. 103 Typical local load effects to be considered are:
vortex shedding external sea pressure tank pressure.

104 Typical global loads to be considered are:
wave bending moments and shear forces horizontal hull deformations due to wave bending moment vertical deformation at stools due to differences in stiffness of hull supporting structure wave induced accelerations (inertia loads).
105 The global and local load effects shall be combined according to the procedures given in CN 30.7.
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SECTION 8 ACCIDENTAL CONDITIONS

A. General
A 100 General 101 Safety assessment is carried out according to the principles given in DNV-OS-A101 for relevant accidental scenarios. 102 The overall objective for design with respect to accidental conditions is that unit's main safety functions shall not be impaired by accidental events. Satisfactory protection against accidental damage may be achieved by two barriers:
design. 105 If non-linear, dynamic finite element analysis is applied for design, it shall be verified that all local failure modes (e.g. strain rate, local buckling, joint overloading, and joint fracture) are accounted for implicitly by the modelling adopted, or else subjected to explicit evaluation.
B 200 Dropped objects 201 Critical areas for dropped objects shall be determined on the basis of the actual movement of potential dropped objects, e.g. crane or other lifting operation mass, relative to the structure of the unit itself. Where a dropped object is a relevant accidental event, the impact energy shall be established and the structural consequences of the impact assessed. 202 Critical areas for dropped objects should be determined assuming a minimum drop direction within an angle of 10 with the vertical direction. B 300 Fires 301 The structure that is subjected to a fire shall maintain sufficient structural strength before evacuation has occurred. The following fire scenarios shall be considered:
reduction of damage probability reduction of damage consequences.

103 The design against accidental loads may be done by direct calculation of the effects imposed by the loads on the structure, or indirectly, by design of the structure as tolerable to accidents.
B. Design Criteria
B 100 General 101 Structures shall be checked for accidental loads in two steps, according to the loading conditions presented in Sec.3 Table C1:
resistance of the structure against design accidental loads, i.e. loading condition c) post accident resistance of the structure against environmental loads after accidental damage, i.e. loading conditions d) and e). The unit shall be designed for environmental condition corresponding to 1 year return period after accidental damage. Typical accidental loads are: impact from dropped objects fires explosions.
102 Generic values of accidental loads are given in DNVOS-A101. 103 The different types of accidental loads require different methods and analyses to assess the structural resistance. Local exceedance of the structural capacity is acceptable provided redistribution of forces due to yielding, buckling and fracture is accounted for. 104 The inherent uncertainty of the frequency and magnitude of the accidental loads, as well as the approximate nature of the methods for determination of accidental load effects, shall be recognised. It is therefore essential to apply sound engineering judgement and pragmatic evaluations in the
jet fires fire inside or on the hull fire on the sea surface. Assessment of fire may be omitted provided fire protection requirements made in DNV-OS-D301 are met.
B 400 Explosions 401 One or more of the following main design philosophies will be relevant:
ensure that hazardous locations are located in unconfined (open) locations and that sufficient shielding mechanisms (e.g. blast walls) are installed locate hazardous areas in partially confined locations and design utilising the resulting, relatively small overpressure locate hazardous areas in enclosed locations and install pressure relief mechanisms (e.g. blast panels) and design for the resulting overpressure.
402 As far as practicable, structural design accounting for large plate field rupture resulting from explosion actions should be avoided due to the uncertainties of the actions and the consequences of the rupture itself. 403 Structural support of blast walls and the transmission of the blast action into main structural members shall be evaluated when relevant. Effectiveness of connections and the possible outcome from blast, such as flying debris, shall be considered.
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SECTION 9 WELDING AND WELD CONNECTIONS

A. Introduction
A 100 General requirements 101 The technical requirements for the welding and weld connections shall, as a minimum, comply with the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.11. 102 Full penetration welds shall be used if weld improvements (e.g. grinding) is needed to achieve required design fatigue life, unless the fatigue life at the weld root is documented. 103 Deep penetration welds are acceptable in areas where the design load is primarily static or shear. As a guide, if the static compression stress constitutes more than 35% of the yield stress, deep penetration welds may be used with a root face of t/3. B 300 Full penetration welds
301 In addition to the full penetration welds required for joints specified by the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.11, full penetration welds shall be used for the following connections:
crane pedestal to deck plating topside support stools to main deck 1) flare to hull structure drillfloor support structure to main deck 1).
1) Ref. Section 2 for details
B 400
Direct calculations
B. Size of Welds
B 100 Double continuous fillet welds 101 Double continuous fillet welds shall be dimensioned according to principles given in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.11. The Table C1 has been extended to include C factors for typical offshore members, and are shown in Table B1 below.
Table B1 Weld factor C Item Local buckling stiffeners Stiffeners, frames, beams or longitudinals to shell, deck, oil tight or water tight girders or bulkhead plating, except in after peaks. Secondary stiffeners in topside structures. Web plates of non-watertight girders except in after peak. Girder webs and floors in double bottom. Stiffeners and girders in after peaks. Main girder system in topside structures of stiffened plate design type. Horizontal stringers on transverse bulkheads. Watertight centre line girder to bottom and inner bottom plating. Boundary connection of ballast and liquid cargo bulkhead: longitudinal bulkheads transverse bulkheads. Hatch coamings at corners and transverse hatch end brackets to deck. Top horizontal profile to coaming. Strength deck plating to shell scuppers and discharges to deck. Main girder system in topside structures of framework design type. Fillet welds subject to compressive stresses only. All other welds not specified above. 60% of span 0.14 0.16 0.20 At ends 0.14 0.26 0.32
401 The distribution of forces in a welded connection may be calculated on the assumption of either elastic or plastic behaviour. 402 Residual stresses and stresses not participating in the transfer of load need not be included when checking the resistance of a weld. This applies specifically to the normal stress parallel to the axis of a weld. 403 Welded connections shall be designed to have adequate deformation capacity. 404 In joints where plastic hinges may form, the welds shall be designed to provide at least the same design resistance as the weakest of the connected parts. 405 In other joints where deformation capacity for joint rotation is required due to the possibility of excessive straining, the welds require sufficient strength not to rupture before general yielding in the adjacent parent material.
Guidance note: In general this will be satisfied if the design resistance of the weld is not less than 80% of the design resistance of the weakest of the connected parts.
0.26
0.43
406 The design resistance of fillet welds is adequate if, at every point in its length, the resultant of all the forces per unit length transmitted by the weld does not exceed its design resistance. 407 The design resistance of the fillet weld will be sufficient if both the following conditions are satisfied:
0.52
2 + 3 || 2 + 2
fu
and
fu 0
0.25 0.43
||
fu
B 200 Fillet welds and deep penetration welds subject to high tensile stresses 201 Fillet welds and deep penetration welds subject to high tensile stresses shall be dimensioned according to principles given in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.11.
w 0
= normal stress perpendicular to the throat = shear stress (in plane of the throat) perpendicular to the axis of the weld = shear stress (in plane of the throat) parallel to the axis of the weld, see Table B1 = nominal lowest ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined = appropriate correlation factor, see Table B1 = basic usage factor, see Sec.3 C400
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Table B1 The correlation factor w
Steel grade NV NS NV 27 NV 32 NV 36 NV 40 NV 420 NV 460
Lowest ultimate tensile strength fu 400 400 440 490 510 530 570
Correlation factor
0.83 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.9 1.0 1.0
Figure 1 Stress components in a fillet weld
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SECTION 10 CORROSION CONTROL

A. Hull and hull structural elements
A 100 General 101 The corrosion protection of the hull and its structural members shall comply with the requirements in DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1.
protected by a suitable coating system proven for marine atmospheres. 102 Tanks for fresh water shall have a suitable coating system. Special requirements will apply for coating systems to be used for potable water tanks.
B 200 Tanks Tanks for liquids shall have a corrosion protection system according to DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1.
B. Topside structure
B 100 Void spaces and elements in the atmospheric zone 101 Steel surfaces in topside structure except tanks shall be
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 App.A Page 25
APPENDIX A CROSS SECTIONAL TYPES

A. Cross Sectional Types
A 100 General 101 Cross sections of beams are divided into different types dependent on their ability to develop plastic hinges as given in Table A1.
Table A1 Cross sectional types I Cross sections that can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity required for plastic analysis II Cross sections that can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have limited rotation capacity III Cross sections where the calculated stress in the extreme compression fibre of the steel member can reach its yield strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent development of the plastic moment resistance IV Cross sections where it is necessary to make explicit allowances for the effects of local buckling when determining their moment resistance or compression resistance
103 Compression elements include every element of a cross section which is either totally or partially in compression, due to axial force or bending moment, under the load combination considered. 104 The various compression elements in a cross section such as web or flange, can be in different classes. 105 The selection of cross sectional type is normally quoted by the highest or less favourable type of its compression elements. A 200 Cross section requirements for plastic analysis
201 At plastic hinge locations, the cross section of the member which contains the plastic hinge shall have an axis of symmetry in the plane of loading. 202 At plastic hinge locations, the cross section of the member which contains the plastic hinge shall have a rotation capacity not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge location. A 300 Cross section requirements when elastic global analysis is used 301 When elastic global analysis is used, the role of cross section classification is to identify the extent to which the resistance of a cross section is limited by its local buckling resistance. 302 When all the compression elements of a cross section are type III, its resistance may be based on an elastic distribution of stresses across the cross section, limited to the yield strength at the extreme fibres.
Table A2 Coefficient related to relative strain NV Steel grade 1) 2) NV-NS 1 NV-27 0.94 NV-32 0.86 NV-36 0.81 NV-40 0.78 NV-420 0.75 NV-460 0.72 NV-500 0.69 NV-550 0.65 NV-620 0.62 NV-690 0.58 1) For steels of improved weldability the required specified minimum yield stress is reduced for increasing material thickness, see DNV-OS-B101
Figure 1 Relation between moment M and plastic moment resistance Mp and rotation for cross sectional types. (My is elastic moment resistance.)
102 The categorisation of cross sections depends on the proportions of each of its compression elements, see Table A3.
2)
235 -------- where f y is yield strength f

y
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 26 App.A
Table A3 Maximum width to thickness ratios for compression elements Cross section part Type I
Type II
Type III
d / tw 33
2)
d / tw 38
d / tw 42
d / tw 72
d / tw 83
d / tw 124
when > 0.5:
when > 0.5:
396 d t w --------------13 1 36 d t w --------
when 0.5: d = h - 3 tw
3)
when 0.5:
456 d t w -----------------13 1 41.5 d t w ------------
when > -1:
when -1:
126 d t w -----------2+
d t w 62 ( 1 )
Rolled: c t f 10 Welded: c t f 9 Tip in compression
Rolled: c tf 10 Welded: c t f 9 Tip in tension
Rolled: c t f 11 Welded: c t f 10 Tip in tension
Rolled: c t f 23 C
4)
Welded: c t f 21 C Tip in tension
10 Rolled: c tf ---------- 9 Welded: c t f ----------
11 Rolled: c tf ---------- 10 Welded: c t f ----------
Rolled: c tf 23 C Welded: c t f 21 C
d / tp 50 2
d / tp 70 2
d / tp 90 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Compression negative
is defined in Table A2
Valid for rectangular hollow sections (RHS) where h is the height of the profile C is the buckling coefficient. See e.g. Classification Note 30.1, Table 3.2, No. 4 and 7 or Euro code 3 Table 5.3.3 (denoted k) Valid for axial and bending, not external pressure.
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Structural 107 - 2008-04

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OFFSHORE STANDARD DNV-OS-C107

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SHIP-SHAPED DRILLING AND WELL SERVICE UNITS

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Amendments and Corrections

Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Contents Page 3

B. Permissible stresses ..............................................................16

Objectives ......................................................................... 5 Classification .................................................................... 5 General.............................................................................. 5

C. Local requirements to plates and stiffeners ..........................16

B. Assumptions and Applications ............................................... 5 C. Definitions ............................................................................. 5

D. Local requirements to simple girders ...................................17

E. Complex girder systems .......................................................18

Sec. 6 Assessment of Hull Topside Interface ........... 19 A. Introduction...........................................................................19

B. Strength assessment ..............................................................19

Sec. 3 Design Principles ................................................ 10 A. Introduction .......................................................................... 10

B. Hull Strength ........................................................................ 10

Sec. 7 Fatigue Capacity Assessment ........................... 20 A. Introduction...........................................................................20

C. Topside facilities and supporting structure........................... 10

B. Principles and methodology .................................................20

C 700 C 800 C 900

C. Structural Details and Stress Concentration Factors ............20

D. Design Loads and Calculation of Stress Ranges ..................20

Sec. 8 Accidental Conditions ........................................ 21 A. General..................................................................................21

Sec. 4 Design Loads ....................................................... 13 A. Introduction .......................................................................... 13

B. Local static loads in topside structure................................... 13

Sec. 9 Welding and Weld Connections........................ 22 A. Introduction...........................................................................22

E. Combination of accelerations, bending moments and shear forces ........................................................................... 14

Sec. 10 Corrosion Control .............................................. 24 A. Hull and hull structural elements..........................................24

B. Topside structure ..................................................................24

Sec. 5 Strength of Topside Structures.......................... 16 A. Introduction .......................................................................... 16

Void spaces and elements in the atmospheric zone........ 24 Tanks .............................................................................. 24

App. A Cross Sectional Types .......................................... 2

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 4 Contents

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Sec.1 Page 5

The following Greek characters are used in this standard:

B. Assumptions and Applications

Table C2 Greek characters used

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 6 Sec.1

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Sec.2 Page 7

SECTION 2 STRUCTURAL CATEGORISATION, MATERIAL SELECTION AND INSPECTION PRINCIPLES

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 8 Sec.2

Full penetration weld

IC = I 500 mm each side

Figure 2 Offshore Crane pedestal

Partly penetration weld . IC = I

Full penetration weld . IC = I

Figure 1 Minimum requirements to topside stool with soft nose brackets

Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Sec.2 Page 9

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 10 Sec.3

SECTION 3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

C. Topside facilities and supporting structure

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Sec.3 Page 11

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Page 12 Sec.3

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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C107, April 2008 Sec.4 Page 13

fq fq 9.0f 5.0f 4.0f 3.0f 2.5