FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWER

UNIT I
1. Define Computer. Computer is a fast operating electronic device, which automatically accepts and store input data, process them and produces results under the direction of step by step program. 2. Define Data and Information. Data: It is nothing but the fact or raw material for the information processing. Information: The processed data is called information. 3. Define Storing. Storing is the process of saving or retaining the data or information or instructions, so that the users can retain it whenever required. 4. What are the basic operations of a computer? The basic operations of the computers are Input, Process, Storing , controlling and Output. 5. Compare the computers with calculator. Comparison between calculator and computer S.No Characteristic 1 Speed 2 Performance 3 Memory Calculator Fast Simple Calculation and Numeric processing Less internal memory and no permanent storage, temporary storage only. Electronic device Arithmetic Computer Much Fast Complex problem and Non-numeric processing also. Large internal memory and Large permanent storage available. Electronic device Arithmetic and logical

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Machine Operation

6. What are the characteristics of computer? The Characteristics of the computers are speed, Accuracy, Automation, Endurance, Versatility, Storage, Cost reduction, No IQ etc. 7. What are the applications of computer? The main areas in which, the computers are used. 1) Business Application Payroll and Personal records Office Automation Banking 1

 Insurance and stock broking 2) Scientific Research 3) Industrial Application 4) Medicine 5) Communication 6) Education 7) Engineering Design 8) Space Technology 9) Metrology 10) Information System. 8. Expand ENIAC, ENIAC ABC EDVAC EDSAC UNIVAC ABC, EDVAC , EDSAC and UNIVAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator Atanasoff and Berry Computer Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator Universal Automatic Computer.

9. Expand the COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN and IBM. COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language BASIC - Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRAN - Formula Translation IBM - International Business Message. 10. What are the types of Computers? Digital Computers Analog Computers Hybrid Computers 11. List out the operations of Central Processing Unit. It performs all calculations and all decisions. It controls and Co-ordinates all units of the computer. It interprets instructions of a program. It stores data temporarily and monitors external requests. 12. What is mean by primary storage? The primary storage is also called as Primary memory stores and access information very fastly. This is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. 13. Mention the type of ROM. Masked ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM

 Flash ROMS 14. Differentiate between static and dynamic RAM S.No Static RAM 1 Retain its contents as long as power is available 2 Constantly maintained data 3 4 Less number of chips used Very fast Dynamic RAM It has short data life. Need to refreshed to maintain data in it. More number of chips used Slow as compared to SRAM

15. Define Cache memory A small memory between CPU and main memory is called cache memory. The access time is closer to the processing speed of the CPU. Cache memory acts as a high speed buffer between CPU and main memory and is used to temporarily store active data and instructions during processing. 16.What is mean by Hardware? The term Hardware is applied to any of the physical equipments in the computer system, such as the machinery and equipments of itself usually containing electronic components and performing some kinds of functions in information processing. 17. Specify the various Input and Output devices. The various Input devices are Keyboard Mouse Light Pen Digitizer Trackball Joystick OCR (Optical Character Recognizer) MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognizer) OMR (Optical Mark Recognizer) The various Output devices are Visual Display Unit (VDU) or Monitor Printer Computer Output Microfile Plotter 18. What are the main functions of an ALU? Arithmetic Logical Unit performs all the arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and logical operations such as comparisons are performed in ALU. 19. What are the types of Number system?

There are basically two types of number system available. Positional Number System Non-Positional Number System. 20. What is base? A base is the total number of digits available in the number systems. 21. Find out the Decimal equivalent of the Binary numbers 110.102(2) 110.101(2) = 1 X (2)2 + 1 X (2)1 + 0 X (2)0 . 1 X (2)-1 + 0 X (2)-2 + 1 X (2)-3 = = = 6 . 625 (10) 4 + 2 + 0 6 . . 0.5 0.625 + 0 + 0.125

22. Define booting. The process of loading and operating system programme in to the computer memory is called the Booting. 23. What is meant by generation in computer terminology? Generation in the period of years in which the computers are enhanced as previous.

UNIT II
1. Define Software. Software is basically the set of program, that make the computer to function in the desired way. 2. What is meant by installation and Assembling. Installation is the process of loading the software package into the computer. Assembling is the process of mounting different computer peripherals into one, to function the computer system properly. 3. Define Hardware. Hardware is referred as the physical components of the computer system. 4. Specify the types of softwares. There are two types of softwares available basically, System Software and Application Software. 5. What is mean by system software? A set of programs that govern the operations of a computer system and make the hardware to work. It controls internal operations of the computer system.

6. Define Operating System. An operating system is a set of programs. Which are used to control and co ordinate the computer system. 7. List out some application softwares. Adope photoshop Adope Pagemaker Word Processing Spread Sheet Package Presentation Package.

8. Define multiprocessing? Multiprocessing is the process of executing a single job by using multiple CPUs 9. What is compiler, Assembler and Interpreter? Compiler: It is a program which is used to convert the high level language program into machine language. Assembler: It is a program, which is used to convert the assembly level language program into machine language. Interpreter: It is a program, it takes one statement of a high level language program, translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately executes the resulting machine language instruction. 10. What is system development life cycle? The phases of Software Development Life Cycle are Requirement Analysis Design Development Testing Implementation and Maintenance 19. What is meant by program? A program is a set of instruction written to carryout a particular task, so that computer can follow them. 20. What is meant by Testing? Testing is the process of executing the proposed software with sample or test data and put into regular use. 21. What is internet? Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks linked by copper wires, fiber optic cable and wireless connections etc.

22. What is Web? The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources linked by hyperlinks and URLs 23. What is ARPANET? It is an accranomy for Advanced Research Project Agency Net, created by Department of Defence 24. Define Website? A website is a collection of WebPages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or more web servers, usually accessible through the Internet. 25. Name some of the Internet Services? E-Mail, Chat , Remote Access, File Sharing, Voice Telephony, File Transfer protocol, Telnet, Internet Relay Chat, Video Conferencing.

UNIT-III
1. What is Algorithm? Algorithms means the logic of a program. It is a step-by-step description of how to arrive at a solution of a given problem. 2. How can you measure the quality of Algorithm? The primary factors that are often used to judge the quality of an algorithm are Time requirement, Memory requirement, Accuracy of solution, Generating. 3. What are the characteristics of Algorithm? In Algorithms each and every instruction should be precise. In Algorithms each and every instruction should be unambiguous. The instructions in an algorithms should not be repeated infinitely. Ensure that the algorithm will ultimately terminate. The Algorithm should be written in sequence. It looks like normal English. The desired result should be obtained only after the algorithm terminates. 4. How many types the algorithm can be represented? The Algorithm can be represented into following ways. Normal English Program Flowchart Pseudo code Decision Table

5. Define flowchart. Flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm, it is the layout and visual representation of the plan to be followed by the corresponding algorithm. 6. List out any five advantages of flowcharts. To understanding logic clearly Better communication Effective synthesis Effective analysis Effective coding. 7. What is pseudo code? Pseudo means imitation of false and code refers to the instruction written in a programming language. Pseudo code is programming analysis tool that is used for planning program logic. 8. What is structured programming? A structured programming is a more scientific approach to solve a programming problem by using only the three basic logic structures. Namely sequence logic, selection logic and Iteration logic. 9. What are the rules for writing pseudo code? The rules for writing pseudo code. Write on statement per line Capitalize initial keywords Indent to show hierarchy End multiline structure Keep statements language independent. 10. What is clipart? ClipArt is the attractive pre-defined, pre-coloured pictures available is MS-Office suit. 11. What is a Word Art? Word Art is the pre-defined and pre-coloured special graphic effects of the text. 12. What is meant by Text Wrapping? Text wrapping refers to the way of text flows around a graphic file or picture. 13.What is Mailmerge? Mailmerge allows us to create and quickly produce personalized letters and mailing labels for each person on a mailing list. 14. What is the use of Pivot Table? 7

A Pivot Table is used to summarize and view information different ways. For example, the information of data stored in excel sheet, can be viewed by area wise. 15. What is a Macro? A macro is the series of commands or keystrokes stored under a common name and can be run at anytime.

UNIT IV and V
1. What are the different data types available in C? 1. int 2. float 3. char 4. double 2. What are keywords? Keywords are certain reserved words, that have standard and predefined meaning In C. These keywords can be used only for their intended purpose. 3. What is Ternary Operator? Ternary Operator is a conditional operator with symbols ? and : 4. What is type casting? Type casting is the process of converting the value of an expression to a particular data type. Eg: int x, y; c= ( float ) x / y; 5. What is the difference between while loop and dowhile loop? In the while loop the condition is first executed. If the condition is true then it executes the body of the loop. When the condition is false it comes out of the loop. In the dowhile loop first the statement is executed and then the condition is checked. The dowhile loop will execute at least one time even though the condition is false at the very first time. 6. What is a global variable? The global variable is a variable that is declared outside of all the functions. The global variable is stored in memory, the default value is zero. Scope of this variable is available in all the functions. Life as long as the programs execution doesnt come to an end. 7. What is an Array? An array is a group of similar data types stored under a common name. int a[10]; Here a[10] is an array with 10 integer values. 8. What is a Function?

A Function is a set of instructions used to perform a specified task which repeatedly occurs in the main program. 9. What is meant by Recursive Function? If a function calls itself again and again, then that function is called Recursive function. 10. What is a Structure? Structure is a group name in which dissimilar datas are grouped together. 11. What is a Union? Union is also a group name used to define dissimilar data types. The Union occupy only the maximum byte of the data type. If you declare integer and character, then the union occupy only 2 bytes. Where as structure occupy only 3 bytes. 12. What is a Pointer? Pointer is a variable which holds the address of another variable. 13. What is meant by Preprocessor? Preprocessor is the program, that process our source program before the compilation. 14. What is the program Development life Cycle? These are the sequence of events considered by the programmer to design and develop efficient programs. 15. What are the steps involved in program development life cycle? The following are the steps involved in designing the program. 1. Program designed 2. Program coding 3. Program testing and Debugging. 16. What is meant by testing? Testing is the process of executing the program with sample or tested data. 17. What is meant by debugging? Debugging is the process of locating and isolating the errors. 18. Define Pre-processor. It is a program that process the source code before it passes to the compiler. 19. Dynamic memory allocation function. Malloc( ), free( ), calloc( ), realloc( ). 20. Define compiler, Assembler and Interpreter. Compiler: It is a program which is used to convert the high level language programs into machine language.

Assembler: It is a program, which is used to convert the assembly level language programs into machine language. Interpreter: It is a program, it takes one statement of a high level language program, translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately executes the resulting machine language instruction and so on.

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