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Contents

1.INTRODUCTION 2.GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF THE POLYNOMIAL 3.RELATION BETWEEN ZEROES AND COEFFICIENTS OF A POLYNOMIAL 4.DIVISION ALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIAL 5.SUMMARY 6.QUESTIONS AND EXERCISE

Polynomials 2x2 + 3x= 9

Introduction :

A polynomial is an expression of finite length constructed from variables and constants, using only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative, wholenumber exponents. Polynomials appear in a wide variety.

Cont

Let x be a variable n, be a positive integer and as, a1,a2,.an be constants (real nos.) Then, f(x) = anxn+ an-1xn-1+.+a1x+xo anxn,an-1xn-1,.a1x and ao are known as the terms of the polynomial. an,an-1,an-2,.a1 and ao are their coefficients. For example: p(x) = 3x 2 is a polynomial in variable x. q(x) = 3y2 2y + 4 is a polynomial in variable y. f(u) = 1/2u3 3u2 + 2u 4 is a polynomial in variable u. NOTE: 2x2 3x + 5, 1/x2 2x +5 , 2x3 3/x +4 are not polynomials.

Degree of polynomial

The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial is known as its degree. For example: f(x) = 3x + is a polynomial in the variable x of degree 1. g(y) = 2y2 3/2y + 7 is a polynomial in the variable y of degree 2.

p(x) = 5x3 3x2 + x 1/2 is a polynomial in the variable x of degree 3.

q(u) = 9u5 2/3u4 + u2 is a polynomial in the variable u of degree 5.

Constant polynomial:

For example: f(x) = 7, g(x) = -3/2, h(x) = 2 are constant polynomials. The degree of constant polynomials is not defined.

Linear polynomial:

For example: p(x) = 4x 3, q(x) = 3y are linear polynomials.

Any linear polynomial is in the form ax + b, where a, b are real

nos. and a 0. It may be a monomial or a binomial. F(x) = 2x 3 is binomial whereas g (x) = 7x is monomial.

Types of polynomial:

A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. f(x) = 3x2 4/3x + , q(w) = 2/3w2 + 4 are quadratic polynomials with real coefficients.

A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. f(x) = 9/5x3 2x2 + 7/3x _1/5 is a cubic polynomial in variable x. Any cubic polynomial is always in the form f(x = ax3 + bx2 +cx + d where a,b,c,d are real nos.

Any quadratic is always in the form f(x) = ax2 + bx +c where a,b,c are real nos. and a 0.

Values & zeros of Polynomial

If f(x) is a polynomial and y is any real no. then real no. obtained by replacing x by y in f(x) is called the value of f(x) at x = y and is denoted by f(x). Value of f(x) at x = 1 f(x) = 2x2 3x 2 f(1) = 2(1)2 3 x 1 2 = 2 3 2 = -3

A real no. x is a zero of the polynomial f(x),is f(x) = 0 Finding a zero of the polynomial means solving polynomial equation f(x) = 0. Zero of the polynomial

f(x) = x2 + 7x +12
f(x) = 0 x2 + 7x + 12 = 0 (x + 4) (x + 3) = 0 x + 4 = 0 or, x + 3 = 0 x = -4 , -3

GENERAL SHAPES OF POLYNOMIAL

f(x) = 3 CONSTANT FUNCTION DEGREE = 0 MAX. ZEROES = 0

Cont.

f(x) = x + 2
LINEAR FUNCTION DEGREE =1 MAX. ZEROES = 1

Cont

f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2
QUADRATIC FUNCTION DEGREE = 2 MAX. ZEROES = 2

Cont

f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 2 CUBIC FUNCTION DEGREE = 3 MAX. ZEROES = 3

QUADRATIC

+ = - coefficient of x Coefficient of x2 = - b a = constant term Coefficient of x2 = c a

CUBIC

+ + = -Coefficient of x2 Coefficient of x3

-b a

+ + = Coefficient of x = Coefficient of x3

c a

-Constant term Coefficient of x3

= d a

Relationships

If f(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) 0,then we can always find polynomials q(x), and r(x) such that : F(x) = q(x) g(x) + r(x), Where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x) ON VERYFYING THE DIVISION ALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIALS.

ON FINDING THE QUOTIENT AND REMAINDER USING DIVISION ALGORITHM. ON CHECKING WHETHER A GIVEN POLYNOMIAL IS A FACTOR OF THE OTHER POLYNIMIAL BY APPLYING THEDIVISION ALGORITHM

ON FINDING THE REMAINING ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL WHEN SOME OF ITS ZEROES ARE GIVEN.