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The aim of modern Surgery is to exclude , inhibit or destroy microorganisms that may contaminate a wound.
TERMINOLOGY :
SEPSIS - is the breakdown of living tissue by the action of microorganisms, usually accompanied by inflamation.
ASEPSIS - term used for the exclusion of living pathogenic
ANTISEPSIS - attained by
methods
which inhibit or destroy microorganisms but does not necessarily eliminate them completely and are applied to living tissues.
DISINFECTION - is the absolute destruction of Pathogenic microorganisms insuring sterility and are used in a lifeless object.
STERILIZATION - complete destruction of microorganisms which are capable of causing infection including spores.
GENERAL METHODS OF REDUCING THE NUMBER OF VARIABLE ORGANISMS TWO PRINCIPAL MEANS :
1.CHEMICAL AGENTS
2.PHYSICAL AGENTS
1.CHEMICAL AGENTS Major chemical means of killing microorganisms a. Antiseptics - ex. BETADINE, b. Disinfectant - ex. LYSOL, CIDEX c. Ethylene Gas - ex. ETHYLENE OXIDE
2. PHYSICAL AGENTS Primary physical means of eliminating variable microorganisms a. HEAT b. IRRADIATION C. MECHANICAL DISLODGEMENT
Therefore, any methods of Sterilization or Disinfection that kills ENDOSPORES is also capable of Eliminating ALL MICROORGANISMS.
METHODS OF STERILIZATION: 1.AUTOCLAVING provides moist in the form of saturated steam under pressure . Best used for Spore Former, Bacteria, Viral, and Fungal infection
Temperature : a. 121 C ( 270 F) at a pressure of 30 lbs. per square inch for 30mins.
Advantages:
1. Its effectiveness and speed 2. Its relative availability
Disadvantages: 1. the Cost 2. the tendency of moist heat to dull and rust instruments.
2. DRY HEAT most commonly used to sterilized glassware and bulky items that can withstand Heat and are susceptible to rust.
Principles : BAKING
ADVANTAGES : 1. The relative ease of use. 2. The unlikelihood of damaging Heat Resistant Instruments. DIADVANTAGES : 1. Time Necessary. 2. Possibility to damage heat sensitive equipment.
3.
BOILING WATER - instrument completely immersed in water + 2 % solution sodium bicarbonate (Na CO3).
4.
Principles : COOKING
Principles - SOAKING
5. GAS STERILIZATION capable of excerting a lethal action on bacteria by destroying enzymes and other BIOCHEMICAL structures. ex. ETHYLENE OXIDE MOST COMMONLY USED FOR GASEOUS STERILIZATION.
ADVANTAGE: 1. Its effectiveness for porous materials, large equipment and materials sensitive to heat or moisture.
DISADVANTAGE : 1. The need for special equipment and the long duration of sterilization and aeration necessary to reduce tissue toxicity.
6. CHEMICAL VAPOR STERILIZATION : Vapor created by heating at a temperature of 132 C (270 F) to a pressure of 20 to 40 per square inch for 20 to 25 minutes.
ADVANTAGES : 1.short, 25 minute cycle of sterilization 2. no rusting of instruments 3. availability of dry instruments usable immediately.
7. RADIATION STERILIZATION
USE TO STERILIZE SMALL INSTRUMENTS, like Blade, Needles, Gauze for 15 minutes thru ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. ex. UV LIGHT KILL INACTIVE MICROORGANISMS
THE END