Experiment 7

Part B ANDAYA, Francis Charles G. GERON, Erwin Gerard P.

Theoretical Framework
HETEROGENOUS EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS
Type of reversible reaction wherein the reactants and products are in different phases

PRECIPITATION REACTION
Soluble ions from different solutions are mixed forming an insoluble compound called the precipitate

Theoretical Framework
CENTRIFUGATION
Procedure done to make the precipitate settle at the bottom of the test tube rapidly by the use of a centrifuge

Theoretical Framework
Ksp solubility-product constant Qsp reaction quotient
Using these two values, we can determine whether a known set of concentrations, when mixed together, will produce a precipitate or not. Qsp > Ksp --- backward shift Qsp = Ksp --- no shift / equilibrium Qsp < Ksp --- forward shift

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
IA. TT A(Pb(NO3)2 -10 drops 0.1M
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

TT B (AgNO3) -10 drops 0.1M

Add HCl dropwise Centrifuge * and decant Wash with 5 drops H2O Add 2mL H2O then shake Hot water bath* Cool to room temperature*

Observations and Explanations

Reactions:
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + HCl (aq) <-> PbCl2 (s) + HNO3 (aq) PbCl2 Ksp = 1.6 x 10-5 Ag(NO3)2 (aq) + HCl (aq) <-> AgCl (s) + HNO3 (aq) AgCl Ksp = 1.6 x 10-10

In the first experiment, it was observed that both solutions yielded precipitates of their own. A white-colored precipitate for Pb(NO3)2 and a purple colored precipitate for AgNO3.

When hot water bath was applied to both solutions, the AgNO3 solution stayed the same while the other solution, Pb(NO3)2, had some of its precipitate dissolved. When it was left to be cooled to room temperature, the precipitate of Pb(NO3)2 returned to its initial amount.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
IB. TT A(Pb(NO3)2 TT B (AgNO3)

1. Repeat above procedures 2. Add 2mL conc. NH4OH*

Observations and Explanations

Reactions PbCl2 (s) + 2NH3 (aq) + 2H2O (l) Pb(OH)2 Ksp = 1.2 x 10-15

Pb(OH)2 (s) + 2NH4Cl (aq)

AgCl (s) + 2NH3 (aq) + 2H2O (l) [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) 2H20 [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) Ksp = 1.7 x 10-7

In addition of NH4OH, precipitate was still present from the solution with Pb(NO3)2 while the precipitate of the other solution, that with AgNO3, was dissolved.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
II. TT A(Pb(NO3)2 -10 drops 0.1M 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. TT B(Ba(NO3)2) -10 drops 0.1M Add 3 drops 0.1M K2CrO4 Add 3 drops 1M HNO3 * Add 6M NaOH until ppt occurs Centrifuge and decant Add 15 drops of 6M NaOH *

Observations and Ideas

Reactions Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) <->PbCrO4 (s) + 2KNO3
(aq)

Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) 2KNO3 (aq)

<-> BaCrO4 (s) +

PbCrO4 (s) + HNO3(aq) <-> Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2CrO4 (aq)

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) <-> Pb(OH)2 (s) +2NaNO3 (aq)

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + NaOH (aq) <-> Ba(OH)2(s) +NaNO (aq)

When 3 drops each of 0.1 M potassium chromate and 1 M of nitric acid was added to both test tubes, it was observed that the solution with Pb(NO3)2 turned to a cloudy yellow solution and forming a yelloworange precipitate. On the other hand, the solution containing Ba(NO3)2 turned into a clear orange solution without any sign of precipitate formation

When 3 drops of 6 M NaOH was added to the given solutions, the given solutions were neutralized. The solution with Pb(NO3)2 yielded a yellow-orange precipitate in a clear yellow solution. While the solution with Ba(N03)2 yielded a white precipitate making the solution cloudy and dull.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
III. TT A -10 dps 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 -Add 0.1M NA2CO3 until ppt is complete TT B -10 dps 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 -Add 0.1M NA2SO4

1. Centrifuge * 2. Decant 3. Add 5 drops conc. HCl to each *

Reactions: Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) <-> BaCO3 (s) + 2NaNO3

(aq)

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) <-> 2NaNO3 (aq) +BaSO4(s)

When the reagents were added accordingly, both test tubes initially contained colorless solutions. After a while, white precipitate formed making the solution cloudy. After centrifugation, the test tube containing Na2CO3 became clearer than the other.

After adding HCl, the precipitate of test tube A, BaCO3, completely dissolved thus making a clear solution. Effervescence was also observed in the process. On the other hand, the precipitate of test tube B, BaSO4, became less cloudy. The precipitate did not completely dissolve.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
IV. TT A -10 dps 0.1M Cu(NO3)2 TT B -10 dps 0.1M Cu(NO3)2

1. Add HOAc until acidic to litmus 2. Add thioacetamide solution until ppt is complete 3. Centrifuge and decant 4. Add 2mL distilled H2O 5. Stir, centrifuge, decant
6. A - Add 5 drops 6M HCl B - Add 5 drops 6M HNO3 *

 Reactions Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + CH3 CSNH2 (aq) <-> CuS(s) CuS(s) <-> Cu2+ (aq) + S2-

3CuS(s) + 8H+ 2NO3- (aqueous) <-> 3Cu2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l) + 2NO (g) + 3S (s)

The solution in this experiment is a clear orange liquid with visible precipitate. It was also observed that very few precipitate was left after decantation. After the addition of HCl and HNO3 to their respective solutions, it was observed that all of the precipitate in the solution with added HCl was dissolved while on the other test tube, the precipitate did not completely dissolve.

Precipitate ka ba?

KSP ka eh! EPAL!