Dr.D.

Desinguraja 11-MVM-26

It is any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation, work or maintenance. water a source of N in the form of essential amino acids or other nitrogenous compounds. fat to supply essential fatty acids. mineral elements fat and water soluble vitamins a source of energy

Pigs Highly Prolific Growth Pattern ADG 100 Kgs in 143 days Nutrient Spec Energy DE to ME Loss of Energy as gas Quality of Protein Pregnancy Lactation Ilial digestibilities.

Minerals Cobalt Zinc Enzyme carboxipeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Feeding LI -35-40 % Fermentation caecum & colon Crude fibre % Iron Inj. Flushing

 Animal

species and the GIT Age of the animal Physiological state Level of productivity within that physiological state

DE is preferable in describing energy req DE more precisely estimated and easy to measure than ME Me consists 0.96 of DE ME = DE * (96 - [ 0.202 * % CP] ME decreases with poor qty protein and also excess protein 7.83 kcal ME/g of N for each gram N retained above maintenance or below maintenance Not necessary in growing animal

 Easily

determined Available for most of commonly used feed stuffs ME = GE - fecal, gaseous and urinary GE Loss of energy as gas = 0.5-1% ME = 96% on DE

Growing pig DE= DEm + DEpr + DEf + DEHc Maintenance include needs for all body function and moderate function Various factors influence are

Environmental temperature Activity level Group size , Stress

 Quality

and quantity of protein effect ME&DE relationship ME = DE x (96-[0.202 x %CP]) Poor quality protein ME decreases Excess protein - ME decreases N content of urine increases ME decreases ME corrected to N equilibrium ss

= ME HI HI heat produced by digestion and metabolism of nutrients and fermentation in the intestinal tract NE : ME = 0.66:1 to 0.72 :1
NE

Factors influencing NE values Composition of feed stuff Level of feed intake Balance of nutrients in the diet Age , breed, sex and body condition of the pig Environmental conditions under which the animal is maintained % of energy retained as proteins

 Cold

thermo genesis influence energy requirement when ambient temp below critical temp. Critical temp(Tc) that point below which an animal must increase heat production to stay warm increase rate of metabolic heat production Factors that alter rate of energy exchange between animal and its environment will alter Tc

period (25-60kg) additonal 80kcal of ME required to compensate each 1o C below Tc Finishing period(60-100kg) 125 kcal ME Thermoneutral zone heat production stable DE intake reduced by 0.017% for each 1o C rise of effective ambient temp.above upper critical temp. Energy cost for cold thermogenesis DEHc(kcalDE/day) = 0.326W+23.65(Tc-T)
Growth

term reproductive efficiency minimize weight and fat loss during lactation Pregnant sow requirement varies with Live wt. Target wt.gain during pregnancy Environmental and managemental parameters
Long

 Gain

of 25kg throughout pregnancy Increase in the wt.of placenta and other products of conception should be approx.20kg Total 45 kg gestation wt.gain Increase energy intake during pregnancy (upto 6 Mcal DE /day) increase birth wt.

 Increased

feed intake during early gestation no increase the litter size Increased feed intake during late gestation- increase in average birth wt.of pigs by 50g For each 1oC below sows lower critical temp.(18-20o) increase of approx. 4% in maintenance energy cost

 1.3McalDE/kg Efficiency of utilization 65% Energy required for milk production = 2Mcal /kg of milk.
Milk

 Introduction Pigs

need not specifically need protein. but rather require amino acids for the formation of muscle and other body proteins. Ten of the 20 amino acids required are considered as dietary essentials because the pig is not able to synthesize them at all.

 Genotype

same energy level females around 10% higher than castrate males finishing phase(60-100kg) Effect of level of feeding restricted feeding relative requirement -high
Sex

 Energy

level of feeding Dietary fibre level 1-1.5% fall in apparent protein digestibility each 1% increase in C.F Use only one diet during growing/ finishing -20-60 kg -reduce the level of fat in the animal

 Arginine-growth

of young pigs Histidine - required for pregnancy Proline not dietary requirement for all the stages. Require for young pigs Cystine from methionine Phenylalanine converted to tyrosine Tyrosine satisfy atleast 50% of total aromatic a.a

 Departure

from the pattern of ideal protein Swine relatively tolerant of quite wide variation pattern of amino acids Toxicity, imbalance, antagonism Toxicity excess of individual amino acids Very rare Four amino acids lysine,and threonine methionine,tryptophan.

 Methionine

and tryptophan highest

toxicity Excesses of lysine and threonine well tolerated in young pigs

 Imbalances Excessive

intake . But extent of disproportion is less Exacerbation of the deficiency of the most limiting amino acid Corrected by addition of that a.a

 excesses of one a.a increases of requirement of a structurally related a.a Arginine lysine antagonism Leucine-isoleucine-valine antagonism minor importance
Antagonisms

 deposition of nitrogen in the uterus, mammary gland, other reproductive organs 500g N Daily retention of N 5g
Pregnancy

 Greater

efficiency - retain higher proportion of dietary protein Daily allowance 140-180 g cp Lysine requirement 0.5% of the diet at feed intake of 2 kg/d- 10g lysine /d

 Litter

size, age or stage of lactation, genetic potential in milk production Nitrogen utilization influenced by milk yield I.e stage of lactation In early stages of lactation N utilization large amount of the urinary losses- milk yield minimum

NRC 1998 Swine Live Weight (Kg) Intake 3 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 50 50 to 80 80 to 120

ME , Kcal/Kg
Protein % True Ileal - Total AA Lysine % Met % M+C % Threonine % Tryptophan % Linoleic acid %

3265
26

3265
23.7

3265
20.9

3265
18

3265
15.5

3265
13.3

1.34 0.36 0.76 0.84 0.24 0.1

1.19 0.32 0.68 0.74 0.22 0.1

1.01 0.27 0.58 0.63 0.18 0.1

0.83 0.22 0.47 0.52 0.15 0.1

0.66 0.18 0.39 0.43 0.12 0.1

0.52 0.14 0.31 0.34 0.1 0.1

Minerals
Ca % Phosphorus, total % % Available P % Iron , mg Manganese, mg Zinc, mg Selenium, mg Vitamins 0.9 0.7 0.55 100 4 0.3 100 0.8 0.65 0.4 100 4 0.3 100 0.7 0.6 0.32 80 3 0.25 80 0.6 0.5 0.23 60 2 0.15 60 0.5 0.45 0.19 50 2 0.15 50 0.45 0.4 0.15 40 2 0.15 50

Vit A IU
Vit D IU Vit E IU Vit K mg Niacin mg Pantothenic acid mg Riboflavin mg Vitamin B12 g

2200
220 16 0.5 20 12 4 20

2200
220 16 0.5 15 10 3.5 17.5

1750
200 11 0.5 12.5 9 3 15

1300
150 11 0.5 10 8 2.5 10

1300
150 11 0.5 7 7 2 5

1300
150 11 0.5 7 7 2 5