Documentation of review of literature on PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF COCONUT -A study in thumkur district, karnataka Submitted to Ph.

.D Coursework Committee in Agri-Business Management Submitted by: Shashikumar MBA (Agri-Business) Research Scholar

Research Guide: Dr.H.M.Chandrashekar Assistant Professor MBA(Agribusiness) Institute of Development Studies Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore.
INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE MANASAGANGOTRI, MYSORE-06 July 2012

AD Nainanayake, JIL Morison (2007) Recurrent droughts in Sri Lanka, now becoming increasingly frequent, cause substantial losses in coconut production. Consequently, the development of drought tolerant coconut varieties is an urgent need. Yield is the most reliable parameter to evaluate genotypes for drought tolerance but yield-based evaluation is a complex and time consuming exercise with a perennial tree crop like coconut. Among other coconut producing states of the country mention may be made of West Bengal, Orissa (Puri, Cuttack, Bal sore and Ganjam districts), Maharashtra (Ratnagiri, Koala and Thane districts), Assam (Kamrup, Darrin and Negron districts), Goa, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tripura and Pondicherry.

 Aragon (2004) The coconut industry is one of the country's

major pillars in employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. however, local production problems, the expansion in coconut hectare of neighbouring countries, and recent developments in biotechnology research on other competing crops that have high Alaric oil content might affect its longterm sustainability and viability. In a highly liberalized global trade environment, innovation and creativity in the country's coconut industry are needed for survival .In order for the Philippines to be globally competitive, the country must exert all efforts to increase coconut productivity, lower the cost of processing copra, coconut oil, dessicated coconut, and other coconut products, improve the quality of copra and coconut oil, and develop downstream high-value coconut products through technological developments.

 Atih s. Herman (1983) lndonesia is the second largest coconut

producing country among the APCC member states,and its production was around 1.9 million tonnes in 1983. The main utilization of the coconut within the country is for coconut milk and cooking oil. So far there is only a small utilization of coconut by-products. Cooking oil is produced industrially by pressing the copra, and through "klentik"at home industry level. While coconut milk is prepared at every home individually industrialization coconut processing is needed to improve the utilizationof coconut as well as to improve the consumption pattern of coconut and the programme of industrialization through the development of agro based industry. To support the programme, has been conducting various research and development projects on the improvement of traditional coconut processing industry, as 'well as in product diversification.

 Viraktamath B.C (2004) The coconut breeding programme was

initiated in the early part of the present century. The discovery of hybrid vigour in coconut in India in 1937 was a significant landmark in the history of coconut improvement. Subsequently, systematic efforts were made in Sri Lanka, Cote d'Ivoire and Jamaica which led to the successful exploitation of heterocyst in coconut. Selection of elite parental palms, testing their combining ability and establishing seed gardens with promising parental lines for hybrid seed production are the most important steps in heterocyst breeding. The desired traits from both Dwarf and Tall parents are brought together in hybrids. Due to the concerted efforts of coconut breeders many hybrids have been released for cultivation in coconut growing countries. Notable among them is the Cote d'Ivoire hybrid MAWA from IRHO, which has been widely distributed in southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, etc. The historical background to heterocyst breeding, present status and future programmes envisaged in various coconut growing countries are reviewed. Being a rain-fed plantation crop, coconut can be adversely affected by long durations of dry spells associated with high temperatures that are anticipated with climate change coconut is mainly cultivated in seven Agro ecological.

 Benjamin Henderson (2005) the coconut industry of North Sulawesi,

one of the primary coconut-producing provinces of Indonesia, is dominated by a small number of products that are primarily exported overseas. As they only comprise a small share of the global coconut product export market, demand for coconut products from North Sulawesi is generally very elastic. Conversely, the supply of coconuts is highly inelastic, especially in the short to medium term. Hence, small shifts in supply and demand lead to large fluctuations in farmer incomes. In this context, an equilibrium displacement model is used to examine the intra-industry consequences of r&d investments in farm productivity and productdevelopment. These investments are assessed in terms of the producer surplus benefits that they generate. Copyright 2010 the Authors. Journal compilation 2010 East Asian Economic Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

 C Okolo, M.T Ajayi, B Adekaren (2009) The study

assessed the sources of the information utilized by the women in the coconut industry in Lagos State. The specific objectives are to determine personal characteristics of women farmers, assess the activities that generate income, sources and preferred sources of information on coconut industry and of respondents adoption of coconut technologies. A multi-stage random sampling was used to select 120 women farmers for the study while a pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection. A five point like rt-type scale was used to assess the women farmers information sources and preferred information sources.

 Ajith Kumar C.E (2001) The study sought to identify the prospective

coconut producing countries that put up formidable trade competition to India, and to examine the growth performance of coconut in major producing countries, especially the ones identified to be real challengers to Indian interests. The cluster analysis of trend data for 18 years till 2002 on five parameters and with reference to eight dimensions of coconut performance delineated the key players in the international coconut market. Philippines, Indonesia and India formed the cluster of major stakeholders. India fared better than both the other countries in the major cluster, in respect of area, production and yield; and therefore, it should enjoy a comparative advantage. However, the acreage growth in India was stagnant during the post-liberalization phase and it does not appear to take advantage of other options available to it by moving up the value chain and thereby resisting the market pressure on domestic prices in an open economy environment. This resulted in a price crash of coconut products at the dawn of the new century.

 C.H.S.R. Banaduntha (2007) Fresh grated coconut has

been found to be an excellent medium for aflatoxin production by Aspergillums flavours. Under optimal conditions, yields of 8 mg of total aflatoxin per mg of substrate were obtained. Continuous agitation of the growth medium under moist conditions at 24 C produced highest yields. Aflatoxin was assayed both biologically and chromatographically. The aflatoxin content of cultures varied biophysically with the duration of incubation. It is suggested that this pattern could result from the sequential operation of factors promoting aflatoxin formation on the one hand and a detoxifying mechanism on the other.

 C.S. Ranasinghe (2006)

consuming processed foods, changing from saturated to unsaturated oils,

having no exercise, staying away from sunlight, having not enough rest and too much stress, etc. Several new viral diseases occur as a result of changing climate, convenient and rapid transportation, and the raising of domesticated livestock which culminate in new strains of the viruses causing pandemic influenza that cannot be treated by the use of chemical drugs and antibiotics because they possess lipid coat that does not allow drugs to penetrate the viral particles, but surrender to the coconut oil, which, being lipid itself, could dissolve and reach down their lipid coat, thereby penetrating them. culminate in weight loss; antimicrobial property of Laurie acid another that kill pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and parasites; and antioxidants in the form of vitamin E, phenolic compounds and phytosterols that prevent oxidation from occurring; thus no dangerous free radicals are formed .

 Hean Vanhan (2011) In Cambodia, there is no large-scale

commercial cultivation of coconut palms or coconut industry and no data on coconut production. Coconut palms are the main feature of family gardens and green or mature coconuts provide regular income. During the last five years, coconut palm plantations have been developing in some provinces. A preliminary survey conducted in 2004 showed that there were at least 12 million coconut palms in Cambodia. Among the coconut pests in Cambodia, rhinoceros beetle is well known among Cambodian farmers and was believed to be the only insect that could attack coconut palms. In late 2001, coconut beetle was recorded as a new pest in Cambodia. The first infestations were recorded in an area near the Vietnamese border, especially young coconut plantations, which had introduced seedlings from Viet Nam. Owing to the lack of expertise and experience on this new invasive alien species, within two years it had spread over the whole country. This new threat caused significant damage to coconut trees (on average 74 percent of coconut palms were attacked, resulting in mortality of 21 percent.

 Hoddle, Mark S (2010) Coconut production in Fiji was a

mainstay of the economy and indigenous culture in the late 1800s to early 1900s. From around 1877 coconut production on Viti Levu was severely affected by Leuven iridescent BethuneBaker, a small purple moth, whose larvae trenched the underside of coconut leaves. A variety of cultural and chemical control strategies over approximately a 16-yr period failed to bring this pest under effective control. A biological control program initiated in 1925 resulted in importation and release of a parasitic fly, Bessa remota (Aldrich), which provided immediate and effective control of iridescent. This welldocumented classical biological control program has subsequently become highly controversial with regard to arguments over endemics of iridescence to the Fijian archipelago and the possibility that B. remote has caused the extirpation of iridescence and the endemic Heteropan dolmens the three southern states of Kerala. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka account for 86 per cent of the total area and 83 per cent of the total production of coconut in the country .

 K. SATYABALAN (2007) variation in the yield of nuts

in the coconut palms due to genetic differences of the plams and seasonal effects in west co cast tall cultivation growing in a well.

 K.Raju (2006) India is the third largest producer of

coconut in the world after Indonesia and Philippines. Coconut occupied 18.40 laks ha of area during 2000-01 as against 6.22 lakh ha in 1950-51 Similarly the production has also shot up from 358 crore nuts in 1950-51 to 1260 crore nuts in 2000-01 (annual increase being 5.04 per cent).

 M.A.Hamid, M.R. Sarmidi (2011)During the recent years,

increased interest on the development of the Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been observed. This is to maximize the benefit of the multifunctional traditionally used coconut. VCO is rich in the Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs) that have been shown to speed up the metabolism. Almost 50% of the fatty acid in virgin coconut oil is in form of Alaric. This fatty acid has wide application as wide spectrum of antimicrobial substances against fungi, bacteria and viruses. Moreover, the fatty acid profile of coconut oil shares the similar characteristic with breast milk. The MCFAs in coconut oil are not stored in the body cells but rather processed directly in the liver where they are converted immediately into energy. The present study describes the process for VCO production through integrated wet process.

 Maurer, Steven Chiesa (2001) Water treatment

technologies in the developing world typically focus on removing two types of impurities from water sources: suspended, particulate materials and microbial pathogens. However, as industrialization and high-input agriculture has expanded into the developing world, a third type of impurity has increased in importance. Chemical impurities such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers have found their way into drinking water supplies and have been linked to severe health-related issues. Activated carbon has the capacity to remove these problematic chemicals from water sources.

 Menno Keizer (2006) Coconut is a crop of poor land

and poor people. Around 96% of coconut farmers are smallholders tending less than four hectares. These people are marginalised and often do not own their land. Because of limited market opportunities, rural coconut producing families often have little alternative than to sell the raw product, copra, which is a low-value commodity. Diversification of coconut products could reverse this situation coupled with addressing the marketing issues dominating the industry. This research paper deals with a coconut high value product produced by local communities in Vietnam and investigates the marketing chain of gift baskets made from the leave of the coconut tree.

 Nirajkumar (2007) Coconut crop forms an important

constituent of food basket of the people of Orissa and meets the economic needs of people dependent on its marketing. The study conducted palms classified as high yielders- those which yield 80 nuts and above per palm per year and low yielders - those which yield 10 nuts and above per palm per year, do not follow a specific trend as in the case of seasonal variations. The yield of nuts in 66 palms in the estate which comprised of all the three yield groups during the different seasons of the year identified in Kerala as Hot Weather Season during the months of March, April and May, Southwest Monsoon Season during the months of June, July and August, Northeast Monsoon Season during the months of September, October and November and Cold Weather Season during the months of December, January and February showed that high yields of the palms in all the three yield groups were obtained mainly during the Hot Weather Season of the year.

 K.Ananda Muniswaran (2004) Coconut coir pith,

available in abundance especially in tropical countries, was studied as a substrate for the production of celluloseglucan glucano hydrolyse glycoside glucohydrolase, in solid state fermentation. The effects of fermentation time, nutrient level, substrate particle size and inoculums size have been examined for optimal production.

 Padma Prakash (2001) The production and marketing scenario of

coconut in the country has witnessed a phenomenal development, particularly in the field of production such as development of improved high yielding dwarf varieties of crossbred coconut palm, traditional, non-traditional, commercial and industrial coconut product, it was decided to study the current status of developments that have taken place on production and marketing front of coconut and its products in the country. Therefore, a fresh survey on production and marketing of coconut and coconut product in India was undertaken. This report attempt to study the present scenario of coconut industry and the problems faced by the producers and traders involved in the marketing process of coconut and to focus on the inadequacies prevailing in the marketing system of coconut and coconut product in the country. Products (commodities) which have been studied up to 1983 are copra, cooking oil, preserved coconut milk, coco-honey, cocobeverage, Natta de coco, charcoal and activated charcoal, liquid smoke, and single cell protein from coconut water.

 S. N. Arseculeratne (2001) Fresh, grated coconut has been

found to be an excellent medium for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavours. Under optimal conditions, yields of 8 mg of total aflatoxin per gm of substrate were obtained. Continuous agitation of the growth medium under moist conditions at 24 C produced highest yields. Aflatoxin was assayed both biologically and chromatographically. The aflatoxin content of cultures varied basicacally with the duration of incubation. It is suggested that this pattern could result from the sequential operation of factors promoting aflatoxin formation on the one hand and a detoxifying mechanism on the other.

 Teixeira (2005 ) Coconut production aiming water

extraction is increasing in So Paulo State, Brazil. Coconut is a new crop in this region, so there is a lack of information about its management. A field experiment was conducted in Pereira Burrito, SP, Brazil to study the effects of NPK rates on yield and fruit quality, from September,2000 to February, 2004. The experimental design was an incomplete NPK factorial 240, and 360 kg ha applied as NH4NO3, triple superphosphate and KCl, respectively. The rates of N, P K were split during rainy season. The effect of N rates was negative on water volume production on fruits, weight and number of fruits per bunch, and in a different way, K application had a positive effect on them. P and K contents in the coconut water increased with P and K fertilization, otherwise the treatments had no effect on sensory evaluation results. P application had no effect on fruit production.

 Uwubanmwen(2005) The coconut palm though not

indigenous to Nigeria, grows well in places with a mean annual temperature of 25C - 28C and an annual rainfall of 200 mm. Great potentials exist for increasing coconut production and productivity in Nigeria. With 6 per cent of the total area and 8.68 per cent of the total production Andhra Pradesh occupies fourth place amongst the coconut producing states of the country. Here main producers are Srikakulam, East Godavari, and West Godavari, Chattier, Vishakhapatnam and Krishna districts. The state has observed 8.51 per cent annual increase in area and 24.8 per cent increase in the production of coconut between 1985-86 and 1997-98

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AD Naianayake, JIL Morison; (2007) A Case Study on Physiology-Based

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Aragon (2004) Coconut Program Area Research Planning and

Prioritization, Reports 7524, University of Minnesota Atih s. herman, 1983) coconut processing research and development, vol num 15
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num 15

 Benjamin Henderson (2005) Asian Economic Journal, national conference

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 Hean Vanhan (2011) Coconut beetle management in Cambodia, produced by:

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