RF/Microwave Systems: Planning, Design & Deployment

Digital Bridge Institute
Page 1
RF/Microwave Systems:
Planning, Design & Deployment

DAY 5
Microwave Diversity Techniques
Page 2
Introduction to Diversity
Types of Diversity
Frequency Diversity
Time Diversity
Space Diversity
Polarization Diversity
Convergence and Fixed Services
Economics of Wired versus Wireless Systems
Day 8: Microwave Diversity Techniques
RF/Microwave Systems : PDD
Page 3
Fading in Wireless Communications
Types of fading depend on
Symbol period vs. Coherent delay spread
Coherent time
Transmission BW vs. Doppler spread
Coherent BW
Spatial location of antenna vs. angle spread
Coherent distance
Fading effects
BER and capacity
Page 4
Fade Mitigation Techniques
Equalization
Digital Signal Processing Techniques (DSP)
technique used to compensate for Intersymbol
Interference (ISI) created by multipath fading
within time dispersive channels
Channel Coding
To improve mobile communication link
performance by including redundant bits in the
transmitted message
Diversity
To reduce the depth and duration of fades
experienced by a receiver in a frequency or time
selective channel
Page 5
Diversity Techniques
Diversity is the primary technique used to improve
performance on a fading channel.
Diversity is a process of obtaining multiple independent signal
through many dimensions
space, frequency, time, polarization, etc.)
Main Idea
Provide the Rx with multiple versions of the same transmitted
signal over independent channels or paths
Send the same information over independent fading paths
The probability of all signals being faded will be less than the
probability that just one is faded!
i.e., multiple paths unlikely to fade simultaneously
Diversity overcomes effects of fading by combining path signals
At Rx, combine some or all the paths to mitigate fading effects
Page 6

Why Diversity?
Diversity works on the notion that two heads is better
than one
Diversity schemes provide 2 or more inputs at the Rx
such that fading among these inputs are uncorrelated
If one radio path undergoes a deep fade at a particular
point in time, another independent (or at least highly
uncorrelated) path may have a strong signal at that
point
By having more than one path to select from, both the
instantaneous and average SNR at the Rx may be
improved often as much as by 20 to 30 dB
Page 7
Types of Diversity Techniques
Space diversity (also called Antenna Diversity):
Multiple antennas are used to transmit/receive the signal
Antenna spacing must be such that fading at each antenna is
independent (coherence distance), i.e., multiple of
There are several types of
space diversities
1) Receive Diversity (SIMO):
Multiple antennas
deployed at the receive
side
Rx
Tx
Tx Rx
Base Station Mobile station
Page 8
Why Multiple Antennas
Frequency and time processing are at limits
Space processing is interesting because it does not increase
bandwidth
Phased array
range extension,
interference reduction
Adaptive Antennas
interference cancellation
MIMO Systems
(diversity)
Specular channels Scattering channels
Indoor Outdoor
Page 9

In downlink,
Receive diversity is
difficult to implement
Requires multiple
antennas and
additional processing
at the mobile station
Not suitable due to
size and battery
power limitation at
mobile
Put additional
processing and
complexity at the base
station => TX-
Diversity

Not suitable due to size and
battery power limitation at
mobile
Put additional processing
and complexity at the base
station => TX-Diversity
Page 10

2) Transmitter Diversity (MISO):
Multiple antennas deployed at the transmitter side
Tx
Rx
Tx Rx
Page 11

Tx
Rx
Tx Rx
Convert flat fading channel intentionally
into a frequency selective channel
Transmission of same information from M
antennas simultaneously with different
delays
3) Time diversity (Delay diversity)
Main idea:
Provide diversity benefit by
introducing intentional multipath
Transmit the original signal
from the first antenna and
use delayed signals in the
subsequent antennas
Receiver uses an equalizer
or MLSE equalizer or MLSE
for detection
No loss of BW efficiency

Page 12

Diversity order:
Obtains an M-th order diversity with the optimum decoder
Coding point of view:
Delay diversity corresponds to repetition code of length M
Constraint: Inserted delay < smaller than RMS delay spread
Not a good scheme, especially when channel has higher
delay spread
Page 13

4) Space Time (S-T) Diversity:
Utilize spatial and temporal domain for obtaining diversity
Page 14
Space Diversity Antenna Configurations

Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Tx Rx
Single-Input-Single Output
Single-Input-Multiple Output
Multiple-Input-Single Output
Multiple-Input-Multiple Output
(MIMO)
(MISO)
(SIMO)
(SISO)
Page 15
Advantages of Multi-Antenna
Performance improvements achieved by multi-antenna
systems are mainly due to:
Array gain
Increase power
Beamforming
Diversity gain
Mitigate fading
Space-time coding
Spatial multiplexing gain
Multiply data rates
Spatially orthogonal channels
Interference reduction
Aggressive frequency reuse
Users spatial signatures
Page 16

5) Space-Frequency (S-F) Diversity:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system
specific diversity technique by exploiting sub-carriers and
spatial domain.
6) Space-Time-Frequency (S-T-F) Diversity:
Another OFDM system specific diversity technique
7) Transmit-Receive Diversity (MIMO-Diversity):
S-T diversity at the Tx and space diversity at the receiver

Page 17
Frequency Diversity
Transmission of same signal at different frequencies
Use different frequency carriers separated by a
distance larger than the coherence bandwidth of the
channel.
Not bandwidth-efficient (Bw Expansion).
Not effective on flat (non-frequency selective)
channels
Techniques that exploit frequency diversity include:
RAKE Receivers, OFDM, equalization
Page 18
Time Diversity
Transmission of same signal sequence at different
time
Use different time slots separated by interval longer
than coherence time of the channel
Channel coding plus interleaving is used to provide
time diversity
Not effective over slow fading channels
Page 19
Multipath Diversity
Delay and Doppler discrimination using RAKE
receivers
Page 20
Polarization Diversity
Uses two antennas with different polarization for
reception and/or transmission
Page 21
Field Component Diversity
Antenna pattern diversity
Page 22
Angle Diversity
Direction diversity (Angle discrimination)
Page 23
Diversity Combining Techniques
A diversity system combines the independent fading paths to
obtain a resultant signal which is then passed through a
standard demodulator
The combining can be done in several ways which vary in
complexity and overall performance
We will use space diversity as a reference to describe the
different combining techniques, although the techniques can
be applied to any type of diversity
Page 24

Thus, the combining techniques will be defined as operations
on an antenna array.
Most combining techniques are linear:
the output of the combiner is just a weighted sum of the
different fading paths or branches, as shown below
For ideal coherent detection, the weighting can be performed
either before detection (pre-detection) or after detection (post-
detection) with essentially no difference in performance.
There is a slight performance degradation in using pre-
detection combining for differentially coherent detection.
Usually combining is performed post-detection, since the
branch signal power and/or phase is required to determine the
appropriate weights.
Post-detection combining requires a dedicated receiver for
each branch, which increases the hardware complexity and
cost, particular for a large number of branches.
Page 25

In post-detection combining is also perform co-phasing, so that each
signal path entering the summer is just a real number
The main purpose of diversity is to combine the independent fading
paths to mitigate the effects of fading
The signal output from the combiner equals the original transmitted
signal s(t) multiplied by a random complex amplitude term that
results from the path combining
This complex amplitude term results in a random SNR at the
combiner output, where the distribution of is a function of the
number of diversity paths, the fading distribution on each path, and
the combining technique
Since the combiner output is fed into a standard demodulator for the
transmitted signal s(t), the performance of the diversity system in
terms of P
b
and P
out
is given as
( ) ( ) ( )
e
P Q f d
=
}
Page 26
Types of Diversity Combining
The 3 most prevalent space diversity combining techniques
are selection diversity (SD), equal gain combining (EGC), and
maximum ratio combining (MRC)
Selection Diversity (SD)
In SD, the strategy is to choose the branch with the highest
SNR or more practically, the highest S + N, since the noise
N is assumed to be the same on all branches
Fading path with highest gain selected
Combiner output SNR is the maximum of the branch
SNRs
the path output from the combiner has an SNR
equal to the maximum SNR of all the branches
CDF easy to obtain, pdf found by differentiating
Can get up to about 20 dB of gain
Page 27

Page 28

Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
All paths cophased and summed with equal weighting
A simpler technique is equal-gain combining, which is
essentially a maximal-ratio combiner with all of the gains = 1.
The SNR of the combiner output, assuming equal noise
power in each branch, is then given by
Page 29

Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
In MRC the output is a weighted sum of all branches
All paths are cophased and summed with optimal weighting
to maximize combiner output SNR
Optimal technique (maximizes output SNR)
Combiner SNR is the sum of the branch SNRs.
Distribution of SNR hard to obtain.
Exhibits 10-40 dB gains in Rayleigh fading.
Page 30

Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
Page 31
Basic Definitions
A block modulation scheme where data symbols are
transmitted in parallel using large number of orthogonal sub-
carries
A block of N serial data symbols (each w/duration T
s
) is
converted to N parallel data block (each with duration T=NT
s
)
Choose NT
s
>> o
t
N parallel data symbols modulate the N sub-carriers

Increase symbol duration leads to reduction in distortion (ISI)
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
1
N
N-1
2
N
R
T
=
( )
1
2 cos f t t
( )
1 N
( )
2
2 f t
cos
t
( )
1
2
N
f t
cos
t

( ) 2
N
f t
cos
t
1
R
T
=
1
R
T
=
1
R
T
=
1
R
T
=
x(t)
Page 32

OFDM increase spectral efficiency by allowing overlapping

The sub-carriers are spaced apart by 1/T Hz

Each block of data is modulated by a separate carrier signal
w/freq.
f
f
0
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
f
6
f A
0 n
n
f f
T
= +
1
1
n n
f f f
T
+
A = =
Page 33

How do we separate the sun-channels at the receiver?
1
N
N-1
2
( )
1
2 cos f t t
( )
2
2 f t
cos
t
( )
1
2
N
f t
cos
t

( ) 2
N
f t
cos
t
( ) s
t
S P
E
M
( )
1 x
( )
2 x
( )
1 x N
( )
x N
( )
x n
RF
( ) x
t
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
1
N
n
n
x Re x exp j t
t n
e
=
=

Page 34
OFDM Transmitter
Usually QAM signals are used
S/P
d(1)
d(N-1)
( )
1
2 cos f t t
( )
2
2 f t
cos
t
( )
1
2
N
f t
cos
t

( ) 2
N
f t
cos
t
E
x( t )
M
QAM
Encoder
d( n )
d(2)
RF
D(t)
d(N)
Page 35

Advantages of OFDM
Increased efficiency because carrier spacing is reduced (orthogonal
carriers overlap)
Equalization simplified, or eliminated
More resistant to fading
Data transfer rate can be scaled to conditions
Single Frequency Networks are possible (broadcast application)
Now possible because of advances in signal processing horsepower
Disadvantages of OFDM
Higher Peak-to-average
More sensitive to phase noise, timing and frequency offsets
Greater complexity
More expensive transmitters and receivers
Efficiency gains reduced by requirement for guard interval
Page 36
Diversity Techniques Based on Locations
Receiver Diversity (SIMO):
Usually space diversity
Transmitter Diversity (MISO) :
Time diversity (Delay diversity)
S-T Diversity
S-F Diversity
S-T-F Diversity
Transmit-Receive Diversity (MIMO-Diversity):
S-T diversity at the transmitter and space diversity at the
receiver
Page 37
Time Diversity in OFDM Systems
Delay Diversity (DD):
Transmit the original signal from the first antenna and use
delayed signals in the subsequent antennas
Constraint:
Inserted delay must be smaller than RMS delay spread
Not a good scheme, especially when channel has higher
delay spread. In those cases, the affectivity of CP is
reduced and the performance may be worse in certain
scenario.
Page 38
MIMO System
What is a MIMO System?
A MIMO system consists of several antenna elements, plus
adaptive signal processing, at both transmitter and
receiver, the combination of which exploits the spatial
dimension of the mobile radio channel.
Benefits
higher capacity (bits/s/Hz):
spectrum is expensive; number of BS is limited
better transmission quality
Increased coverage
Improved user position estimation
Page 39
Narrowband MIMO Channel Model

Frequency flat channel
model

RF/Microwave Systems: Planning, Design & Deployment

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

RF/Microwave Systems: Planning, Design & Deployment

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Digital Bridge Institute

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen