13.

Oscillatory Motion

Oscillatory Motion

Oscillatory Motion
If one displaces a system from a position of stable equilibrium the system will move back and forth, that is, it will oscillate about the equilibrium position.
The maximum displacement from the equilibrium is called the amplitude, A.

Oscillatory Motion
The time, T, to go through one complete cycle is called the period. Its inverse is called frequency and is measured in hertz (Hz). 1

1 Hz is one cycle per second.

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Simple Harmonic Motion

For many systems, if the amplitude is small enough, the restoring force F satisfies Hooks law. The motion of such a system F kx is called simple harmonic motion (SHM) Hooks law

Simple Harmonic Motion

As usual, we can compute the motion of the object using Newtons 2nd law of motion, F = m a: 2 The solution of this d x kx m 2 differential equation gives dt x as function of t.

Simple Harmonic Motion

Suppose we start the system displaced from equilibrium and then release it. How will the displacement x depend on time, t ? Lets try a solution of the form

x A cos t
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Simple Harmonic Motion

Note that at t = 0, x = A. A is also the amplitude. Why? To find the value of we need to verify that our tentative solution

x A cos t
is in fact a solution of the equation of motion.
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Simple Harmonic Motion

x A cos t . dx A sin t dt 2 d x 2 A cos t 2 dt
therefore

d x kx m 2 dt 2 kA cos t m( A cos t )
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Simple Harmonic Motion

Frequency and Period
. We can get a solution
if we set k = m2, that is,

k m

By definition, after a period T later the motion repeats, therefore:

x A cos t A cos(t T )
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Simple Harmonic Motion

Frequency and Period
. The equation

A cos t A cos(t T ) A cos t cos T A sin t sin T

can be solved if we set T = 2p, that is, if we set

is called the angular frequency

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2p 2p f T

Simple Harmonic Motion

Frequency and Period
. For simple harmonic motion
of the mass-spring system, we can write

1 m T 2p f k

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Simple Harmonic Motion

Phase
. It is easy to show that

x A cos(t f )
is a more general solution of the equation of motion. The symbol f is called the phase. It defines the initial displacement x = A cosf

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Simple Harmonic Motion

Position, Velocity, Acceleration
Position

x A cos(t f )
Velocity

v A sin(t f )
Acceleration

a A cos(t f )
2
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Simple Harmonic Motion

Position, Velocity, Acceleration

x A cos(t )

v A sin(t )
a A cos(t )
2
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Applications of SHM

Vertical Mass-Spring System

At equilibrium upward force of spring = weight of block

Gravity changes only the equilibrium position

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The Torsional Oscillator

A fiber with torsional constant provides a restoring torque:

The angular frequency depends on and the rotational inertia I: Newtons 2nd law for this device is

I
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The Pendulum
A simple pendulum consists of a point mass suspended from a massless string! Newtons 2nd law for such a system is I

d mgL sin I 2 dt
2

The motion is not simple harmonic. Why?

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The Pendulum
If the amplitude of a pendulum is small enough, then we can write sin , in which case the motion becomes simple harmonic 2

d mgL I 2 dt

This yields

mgL I
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The Pendulum
For a point mass, m, a distance L from a pivot, the rotational inertia is I = mL2. Therefore,

mgL I

g L
and

L T 2p g

2p

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Energy in SHM

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Position

x A cos(t f )
Velocity

v A sin(t f )
Acceleration

a A cos(t f )
2
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Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Kinetic Energy

1 2 K mv 2 1 2 2 2 m A sin (t f ) 2

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Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Potential Energy

1 2 U kx 2 1 2 2 kA cos (t f ) 2

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Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Total Energy = Kinetic + Potential

E K U 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 m A sin (t f ) k A cos (t f ) 2 2 2 For a spring: m k 1 2 kA 2 In the absence of non-conservative forces

the total mechanical energy is constant
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Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

In a simple harmonic oscillator the energy oscillates back and forth between kinetic and potential energy, in such a way that the sum remains constant.
In reality, however, most systems are affected by non-conservative forces.
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Damped Harmonic Motion

Damped Harmonic Motion

Non-conservative forces, such as friction, cause the amplitude of oscillation to decrease.

x A cos(t )

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Damped Harmonic Motion

In many systems, the non-conservative force (called the damping force) is approximately equal to

bv
where b is a constant giving the damping strength and v is the velocity. The motion of such a mass-spring system is described by

Fnet ma

dx d x kx b m 2 dt dt

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Damped Harmonic Motion

The solution of the differential equation

is of the form

dx d x kx b m 2 dt dt
t /

x(t ) Ae

cos(t f )

For simplicity, we take x = A at t = 0, then f = 0.

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Damped Harmonic Motion

If one plugs the solution

x(t ) Ae

t /

cos(t )

into Newtons 2nd law, one will find the damping time 2m / b and where

0 1 1/(0 )

the angular frequency,

0 k / m is the un-damped angular frequency

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Damped Harmonic Motion

The larger the damping constant b the shorter the damping time . There are 3 damping regimes: (a) Underdamped (b) Critically damped (c) Overdamped

x(t ) Ae

t /

cos(0t 1 1/(0 ) )
2
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Example Bad Shocks

A cars suspension can be modeled as a damped mass-spring system with m = 1200 kg, k = 58 kN/m and b = 230 kg/s. How many oscillations does it take for the amplitude of http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/car-suspension-1.gif the suspension to drop to half its initial value?
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Example Bad Shocks

First find out how long it takes for the amplitude to drop to half its initial value: = 2m/b = 10.43 s exp(-t/) = t = ln 2 = 7.23 s

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/car-suspension-1.gif

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Example Bad Shocks

The period of oscillation is T = 2p/ = 2p/(k/m 1/2) = 0.904 s Therefore, in 7.23 s, the shocks oscillate 7.23/0.904 ~ 8 times!
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/car-suspension-1.gif

These are really bad shocks!

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Driven Oscillations

Driven Oscillations
When an oscillatory system is acted upon by an external force we say that the system is driven. Consider an external oscillatory force F = F0 cos(d t). Newtons 2nd law for the system becomes

Fnet ma dx d x kx b F0 cos dt m 2 dt dt
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Driven Oscillations
Again, we try a solution of the form x(t) = A cos(d t). When this is plugged into the 2nd law, we find that the amplitude has the resonance form

A(d )

F0 m (d 0 ) b / m
2 2 2 d 2

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Example Resonance
November 7, 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster. At about 11:00 am the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, near Tacoma, Washington collapsed after hitting its resonant frequency. The external driving force was the wind.
http://www.enm.bris.ac.uk/anm/tacoma/tacnarr.mpg
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Summary

Systems that move in a periodic fashion are said to oscillate. If the restoring force on the system is proportional to the displacement, the motion will be simple harmonic. The mass-spring system is a simple model that undergoes simple harmonic motion. If the presence of non-conservative forces the system will undergo damped harmonic motion. If driven, the system can exhibit resonant motion.
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