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Many sodium salt are of definite industrial necessity. Most of them are derived directly or indirectly from ordinary salt.

NaCl or Salt
History
Salt industry is an old as humankind. And has long been an essential part of the human diet. And has a most valuable importance in the different ways of life like in: History -Object as a worship. Economy

- Medium of exchange in Tibet and Mongolia as a money.

Politics - Its distribution was employed as political weapon by ancient government. And it is placed with high taxes by the ancient countries.

Salt is a vital basic commodity for life and it is also a source of many of the chemicals that are now the mainstay of our complex industrial civilization.

Salt is manufactured in three different ways:

Solar evaporation
- this is extensively used in dry climate, where the rate of evaporation
depends on the humidity of the air, wind velocity, and amount of solar energy absorbed..

Mining rock salt

- There are two types to mine halite salt.
a.) solution mining, fresh water is injected through a pipe into deep shafts that end in the salt beds, and salty water (brine) is drawn upward and dried, to recrystallize the salt. b.) In dry mining (below), the salt is mined in large underground caverns, much like one would mine coal or iron ore.

Well Brines
- Fresh water is introduced into the subsurface through a well casing, thereby dissolving the salt. The brine is then pumped out and trucked to wellsites for beneficial use.

(Sodium Cyanide and Ferrocynacid e)

NaSO4 (Sodium sulfate)

(Sodium sulfide)

NaCN (Sodium Amide)

Na2BO3 (sodium Perborate)

NaCl (salt)
Na2O2(Sodi um Peroxide)

NaHS (Sodium hydrosulf ide)

NaNO2 (Sodium Nitrite) Na2S2O3 (SodiumT hiosulfat e)

Na2SiO3 (Sodium Silicates)

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Sodium Sulfate
It is called Glaubers

Salt named after Johann Rudolf

Glauber . And he used it as a treatment for different diseases by emptying the digestive system.

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Flow chart representing process of producing Glaubers Salt

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It is also called Salt Cake Impure product by rayon or sulfuric acid neutralized by sodium hydroxide and water being removed Uses Kraft process - wood pulp Detergent

Glass

Textile

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The Equation for the production of salt cake from sulfuric acid and salt by Mannheim furnace NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + NaCl NaHSO4 +HCl Na2SO4 + HCl

In making high-grade sodium sulfate using Hargreaves process

4NaCl + 2SO2 + 2H2O + O2 2Na2SO4 + 4HCl

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Sodium Thiosulfate
Crystallizes in, transparent, extremely soluble prism with five molecules of water. large

Silver solution

Film negative

Products

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Most important equation in production of sodium thiosulfate from sulfur sulfite and free sulfur.

Na2SO3 + S +

Na2S2O3

A second method of preparation is from sodium sulfide. Sulfur dioxide and sodium carbonate of low concentration

Na2CO3 + 2Na2S + 4SO2

3Na2S2O3 + CO2
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The sodium thiosulfate is obtained by evaporation and crystallization.

Sodium Sulfide
Commonly used in organic chemistry it is the reducing agent in manufacture of amino compounds. Uses Synthetic Rubber

Dyes

Leather

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The oldest method of production is the reduction of sodium sulfate with powdered coal in a reverberatory furnace.
Na2SO4 + 4C Na2S + 4CO

Na2SO4 + 4CO

Na2S + 4CO2

Another production involves the saturation of a caustic soda solution with hydrogen sulfide and the addition of another molecule of sodium hydroxide according to the reaction: H2S + NaOH NaHS + NaOH NaHS + H2O Na2S + H2O

Stainless steel is the high-purity product from the reaction of sodium hydroxide and the concentrated solution of sodium hydrosulfide.
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Sodium Hydrosulfide
Uses Ore Rayon Metallurgical Industry

Manufacture It is made by treating sodium hydroxide solution with hydrogen sulfide, or a by-product of carbon disulfide, where a mixture of carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide gases is treated with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium hydrosulfide. back 24

Sodium Nitrite
it is very important chemical.
Uses

Dye industry

Meat processing

Metal treatment

It was prepared by the reaction NaNO3 + Pb NaNO2 + PbO But now it is manufactured by passing the oxidation product of ammonia into a soda ash solution. Na2CO3 + 2NO + 1/2O2 2NaNO2 + CO2 Sodium nitrite also formed may be separated by crystallization back

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Sodium Silicate There are 40 varieties of commercial sodium silicates such as, Colloidal silicates, Sodium metasilicate, sodium sesquisilicate and sodium orthosilicate. Uses
Adhesive Pigments Soaps Silicon gel

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Manufacture It is made by fusing sodium carbonate and silica (sand) in a furnace resembling that used for the manufacture of glass. Na2CO3 + nSiO2 Na2O * nSiO2 + CO2

Flow Chart for the manufacture of sodium silicate 1 2

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Sodium Peroxide It is a pale-yellow, hygroscopic powder

It reacts with carbon monoxide to form sodium carbonate and with carbon dioxide to form carbonate with the liberation oxygen.

Na2O2 + CO Na2O2 + CO2 Uses Bleaching of wool, silk

Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + 1/2O2

Manufacture It is produce by burning sodium in excess of air or oxygen.

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Sodium Perborate It is a mild mild oxidizing agent used in medical and dental fields. It is made by mixing solutions of borax, sodium peroxide and hydrogen peroxide and heating mixture slightly and allowing to crystallize.

Na2B4O + Na2O2 + 3H2O2

Uses
Mouthwash

4NaBO3 + 3H2O

Cosmetics

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Sodium Amide

It has many uses in organic chemistry, a vigorous dehydrating agent and for the reason is used in the synthesis of indigo and the preparation of pure hydrazine. It is a intermediate preparation of sodium cyanide and application as an aminating agent. It is prepared by passing ammonia into metallic sodium at 200 to 300 centigrade. Na2B4O7 + Na NaNH2 + 1/2H2

This compound should be handled with care , since it decomposes explosively in the presence of water.
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Sodium cyanide and Ferro cyanide

it is important in many metallurgical applications. Used in treating gold ore in case-hardening of steel, in electroplating and many more. It is made from sodium amide heated with carbon, the carbon as charcoal being thrown into the molten amide. It is first converted to sodium cyanamide. 2NaNH2 + C Na2NCN + 2H2 Na2NCN + C 2NaCN Another method is melting sodium chloride and calcium cyan amide together in an electric furnace , it consist of neutralizing hydrocyanic acid with caustic soda: HCN + NAOH NaCN + H2O Sodium Ferro cyanide is from crude sodium cyanide from calcium cyanamide with sodium chloride in an electric furnace.

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