Chapter

Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement

What do they need?

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Learning outcomes
Identify physical quantities in daily life Classify base quantities and derived quantities Apply international units into base quantities and derived quantities Convert units and use prefixes Conduct scientific methods using measureing instruments

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1.1 Physical Quantities

A physical quantity is one that can be measured and consists of a magnitude and unit. Measuring length

70

km/h SI units are common today

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4.5 m

Vehicles Not Exceeding 1500 kg In Unladen Weight

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1.1 Physical Quantities

Are classified into two types:

Base quantities Derived quantities

Base quantity is like the brick the basic building block of a house

Derived quantity is like the house that was build up from a collection of bricks (basic quantity)

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Now, work with your group to identify physical quantities in everyday life as much as possible, then classify them into base quantities and derived quantities.

You may go outside to expand your minds. Your time is 30 minutes

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1.2 SI Units
SI Units International System of Units
Base Quantities
length mass time electric current temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

Name of Unit
metre kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela

Symbol of Unit
m kg s A K mol cd

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1.2 SI Units
This Platinum Iridium cylinder is the standard kilogram.

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1.2 SI Units

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1.2 SI Units
Example of derived quantity: area Defining equation: area = length width In terms of units: In terms of units: Units of area = m m = m2 Units of volume = m m m = m2 Defining equation: volume = length width height Defining equation: density = mass volume

In terms of units:

Units of density = kg / m3 = kg m3

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1.2 SI Units
Work out the derived quantities for:
distance time

Defining equation: speed =

In terms of units:

velocity Defining equation: acceleration = tim e

Units of speed =

In terms of units:

Units of acceleration =

Defining equation: force = mass acceleration In terms of units: Units of force =

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1.2 SI Units
Work out the derived quantities for: Force Defining equation: Pressure = Area In terms of units: Units of pressure = Defining equation: Work = Force Displacement In terms of units: Units of work =
Work done Defining equation: Power = Time

In terms of units:

Units of power =

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1
Derived Quantity

Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement

Relation with Base and Derived Quantities Special Name

1.2 SI Units
Unit

area
volume density speed acceleration force

length width
length width height mass volume distance time change in velocity time mass acceleration newton (N)

pressure
work power
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force area
force distance work time

pascal (Pa)
joule (J) watt (W)

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1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured and consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit. 2. The physical quantities can be classified into base quantities and derived quantities. 3. There are seven base quantities: length, mass, time, current, temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity. 4. The SI units for length, mass and time are metre, kilogram and second respectively. 5. Prefixes are used to denote very big or very small numbers.
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1.4 Measurring Instruments

Measuring Mass

Measuring Temperature

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Projects 1
Arrange an essay which deal with physical quantities and its measuring instruments. Upload your works to our science class blog: scienceatwidyawiyata.tumblr.com email: msaussie.scienceclass@yahoo.co.id username (blog): scienceatwidyawiyata password (blog & mail): smpwidyawiyata
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1.3 Prefixes
Prefixes simplify the writing of very large or very small quantities
Prefix
nano
micro milli centi

Abbreviation
n
m c

Power
109
106 103 102

deci
kilo mega giga
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k M G

101
103 106 109

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1.3 Prefixes
Alternative writing method Using standard form N 10n where 1 N < 10 and n is an integer

This galaxy is about 2.5 106 light years from the Earth.
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The diameter of this atom is about 1 1010 m.

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Length Measuring tape is used to measure relatively long lengths For shorter length, a metre rule or a shorter rule will be more accurate

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Correct way to read the scale on a ruler Position eye perpendicularly at the mark on the scale to avoids parallax errors Another reason for error: object not align or arranged parallel to the scale
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Many instruments do not read exactly zero when nothing is being measured Happen because they are out of adjustment or some minor fault in the instrument Add or subtract the zero error from the reading shown on the scale to obtain accurate readings Vernier calipers or micrometer screw gauge give more accurate measurements

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Table 1.6 shows the range and precision of some measuring instruments
Instrument
Measuring tape Metre rule Vernier calipers Micrometer screw gauge

Range of measurement
05m 01m 0 15 cm 0 2.5 cm

Accuracy
0.1 cm 0.1 cm 0.01 cm 0.01 mm

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Vernier Calipers Allows measurements up to 0.01 cm Consists of a 9 mm long scale divided into 10 divisions

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Vernier Calipers The object being measured is between 2.4 cm and 2.5 cm long. The second decimal number is the marking on the vernier scale which coincides with a marking on the main scale.

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Here the eighth marking on the vernier scale coincides with the marking at C on the main scale Therefore the distance AB is 0.08 cm, i.e. the length of the object is 2.48 cm

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

The reading shown is 3.15 cm. The instrument also has inside jaws for measuring internal diameters of tubes and containers. The rod at the end is used to measure depth of containers.

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Micrometer Screw Gauge To measure diameter of fine wires, thickness of paper and small lengths, a micrometer screw gauge is used The micrometer has two scales:
Main scale on the sleeve Circular scale on the thimble

There are 50 divisions on the thimble One complete turn of the thimble moves the spindle by 0.50 mm

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Micrometer Screw Gauge
Two scales: main scale and circular scale One complete turn moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Each division on the circular scale = 0.01 mm

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Precautions when using a micrometer 1. Never tighten thimble too much
Modern micrometers have a ratchet to avoid this

2. Clean the ends of the anvil and spindle before making a measurement
Any dirt on either of surfaces could affect the reading

3. Check for zero error by closing the micrometer when there is nothing between the anvil and spindle
The reading should be zero, but it is common to find a small zero error Correct zero error by adjusting the final measurement
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Time Measured in years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds SI unit for time is the second (s). Clocks use a process which depends on a regularly repeating motion termed oscillations.

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Caesium atomic clock 1999 - NIST-F1 begins operation with an uncertainty of 1.7 1015, or accuracy to about one second in 20 million years

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Time The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example of a regularly repeating motion. The time for 1 complete oscillation is referred to as the period of the oscillation.

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Pendulum Clock Measures long intervals of time Hours, minutes and seconds Mass at the end of the chain attached to the clock is allowed to fall Gravitational potential energy from descending mass is used to keep the pendulum swinging In clocks that are wound up, this energy is stored in coiled springs as elastic potential energy.
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Watch also used to measure long intervals of time most depend on the vibration of quartz crystals to keep accurate time energy from a battery keeps quartz crystals vibrating some watches also make use of coiled springs to supply the needed energy

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Stopwatch Measure short intervals of time Two types: digital stopwatch, analogue stopwatch Digital stopwatch more accurate as it can measure time in intervals of 0.01 seconds. Analogue stopwatch measures time in intervals of 0.1 seconds.

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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time

Errors occur in measuring time If digital stopwatch is used to time a race, should not record time to the nearest 0.01 s. reaction time in starting and stopping the watch will be more than a few hundredths of a second an analogue stopwatch would be just as useful

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1. The metre rule and half-metre rule are used to measure lengths accurately to 0.1 cm. 2. Vernier calipers are used to measure lengths to a precision of 0.01 cm. 3. Micrometer are used to measure length to a precision of 0.01 mm. 4. Parallax error is due to: (a) incorrect positioning of the eye (b) object not being at the same level as the marking on the scale

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5. Zero error is due to instruments that do not read exactly zero when there is nothing being measured. 6. The time for one complete swing of a pendulum is called its period of oscillation. 7. As the length of the pendulum increases, the period of oscillation increases as well.

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