Third Generation of Computers

Integrated Circuits

Prepared by:

Cristobal, Jerson Flores, Jason

Leus, Hainah Kariza Recido, Jayrell

Saringan, Sherwin Keith

History
Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in advancing the computer. However no one could predict that thousands even now millions of transistors (circuits) could be compacted in such a small space.
In 1958 and 1959, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Camera, came up with a solution to the problem of large numbers of components, and the integrated circuit was developed.

History
Instead of making transistors one-by-one, several transistors could be made at the same time, on the same piece of semiconductor. Not only transistors, but other electric components such as resistors, capacitors and diodes could be made by the same process with the same materials. Originally it was thought that integrated circuits would be useful only in military applications, and many microprocessor investors pulled out before the work was completed. However time has proven the integrated circuit to be greatly undervalued.

What is it?
Integrated circuit also known as chip, microchip or IC, is a collection of miniaturized transistors placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers while reducing its size and served as the hallmark of third generation computers

Advantages of IC
Very small size: Hundred times smaller than the discrete circuits. Lesser weight: As large number of components can be packed into a single chip, weight is reduced Reduced cost: The mass production technique has helped to reduce the price High reliability: Due to absence of soldered connection, few interconnections and small temperature rise failure rate is low.

Characteristics of IC
Low power requirement: As the size is small power consumption is less. Easy replacement: In case of failure chip can easily be replaced. Users interacted with computers through keyboards and mouse rather than traditional punched cards and printers. Extensive use of high-level language became possible in Third Generation Computers.

Types of IC
By number of component:
SSI (small-scale integration) - Up to 100 electronic components per chip MSI (medium-scale integration) - From 100 to 3,000 electronic components per chip LSI (large-scale integration) - From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip VLSI (very large-scale integration) - From 100,000 to 1,000,000 electronic components per chip ULSI (ultra large-scale integration) - More than 1 million electronic components per chip

Types of IC
By type of signal:
Analog / Linear- works by processing continuous signals has continuously variable output (theoretically capable of attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on the input signal level the output signal level is a linear function of the input signal level Digital - operates at only a few defined levels or states, using binary mathematics to process 0 and 1 signals, rather than over a continuous range of signal amplitudes Mixed Signal makes use of both analog and digital

Types of IC
By type of signal:
Analog / Linear- works by processing continuous signals has continuously variable output (theoretically capable of attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on the input signal level the output signal level is a linear function of the input signal level Digital - operates at only a few defined levels or states, using binary mathematics to process 0 and 1 signals, rather than over a continuous range of signal amplitudes Mixed Signal makes use of both analog and digital

Important Events
Computing Systems
1955
Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made computers energy-efficient. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year also witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. DEC launched the first mini computer known as PDP-8 The US Department of Defense founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet. Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004.

1958

1968

1969

1971

Important Events
Operating Systems
1954
MIT came up with their operating system for UNIVAC 1103. Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed. Multics was announced. However, it was opened for paying customers in October 1969. DOS/360 of IBM came up. This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by AT&T. CP/M was developed during this year.

1964

1965

1966

1969 1976

Important Events
Programming Systems
1959

COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed by the Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed in 1959. LISP's successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984.
IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz. Ken Thompson developed the B language. This was when Pascal was developed. It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed. One of the most important events in the history of computing was the development of C language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.

1964 1969 1970

1972

A much better technology in terms of speed(much faster), reliability(more stable, consumes less power and generates less heat), size(smaller), price(cheaper in terms of labor and cost, requires less maintenance) and innovation(operating system, language) compared to its predecessors: the vacuum tube and the transistor. With the development of the integrated circuit, a new generation of more advanced computers took over its predecessors.

With the introduction of the first processor by Intel in 1971, the Intel 4004 which is a 4-bit processor which had a speed of 740 kHz, a new generation of computers was born: the fourth generation computers or the microprocessors. It was made possible because of integrated circuit technology. Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip and what in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand in the form of a microprocessor.

Sources
http://icttrends.com/preparation/fundamentals/generations-ofcomputers/third-generation-computers http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/integratedcircuit http://www.techiwarehouse.com/engine/a046ee08/Generations-ofComputer http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-history-full-timeline.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-computer-processors.html http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/Fi veGenerations.asp http://armymedical.tpub.com/MD0057/MD00570034.htm