Cp02 Introduction To Digital Cellular: 1 Motorola 23/07/2012

Cp02 Introduction To Digital Cellular
23/07/2012
MOTOROLA
Topics to Be Covered
Principles of Cellular
Communications Features of GSM GSM Network Components GSM Terrestrial Interfaces Digital Air Interface Channels on the Air Interface Radio Interface Optimisation Introduction to Microcellular
23/07/2012 MOTOROLA - Internal use only 2
Section 1 Principles of Cellular Communications

Advantages to Mobile Subscriber: Mobility Flexibility Convenience
Section 1 Principles of Cellular Communications

Advantages to Network Provider:
Network expansion flexibility
Revenue / Profit margins

Efficiency Easier re-configuration
Network Components:
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MOTOROLA - Internal use only
Frequency Range:
GSM: Receive (uplink) 890 915 Mhz Transmit (downlink) 935 960 Mhz 124 ARFCN EGSM 900: Receive (uplink) 880 915 Mhz
Transmit (downlink) 925 960 Mhz

174 ARFCN
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Frequency Range:
GSM 1800 (DCS 1800): Receive (uplink) 1710 1785 Mhz Transmit (downlink) 1805 1880 Mhz 374 ARFCN
PCS 1900:
Receive (uplink) 1850 1910 Mhz Transmit (downlink) 1930 1990 Mhz
299 ARFCN
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Frequency Range:
ARFCN:
Bandwidth = 200 Mhz

8 TDMA timeslots
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Cell Size:
Small Cells
Large Cells
Frequency Reuse:
Frequency 1 Frequency 2 Frequency3
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Site Sectorisation:
360 Degree Cells
60 Degree Cells
120 Degree Cells
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4 Site / 3 Cell
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Switching & Control:
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Handover:
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Section 2
Features of GSM
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Analogue 1st Generation

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone C450 - Germany TACS Total Access Communications
System
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Analogue 1st Generation

System Feature
Frequenc y (MHZ)
TACS
AMPS
NAMTS
NMT 450
NMT 900
Network C
872 - 950
824 894
860 940 (two band)
453 - 468
890 - 960
451 466
No. of RF Channels
1320
UK, Ireland,P. R.C., Hong Kong, Malta, Italy, Spain
832
U.S.A., Canada, Australia, Sri Lanka, Thailand
1000
Japan
180
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Holland, Belguim, Spain, France Iceland
1999
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Demnark, Holland, Belguim
222
Germany, S. Africa
Countries
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Why Go Digital?
Better Quality
Security Integrated Services
Marketing
Capacity
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GSM Events:
CEPT
Conference of European Post and Telecommunicatio n Administrations Groupe Spciale Mobile 1982
GSM
ETSI European Telecommunications Institute 1988

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TETRA DECT Other Technologies
19
GSM Events:
1979 Europe-wide frequency band set aside for cellular radio
1982 Groupe Spciale Mobile created within CEPT

1986 GSM planned launch date 1991 Coverage of all cities by 1993 Coverage of trunk routes by 1995 1988 ETSI takes over GSM committee
1990 GSM 900 Phase 1 frozen

1991 GSM Committee investigates 3rd Generation Radio Systems
GSM Events:
1992 GSM Committee is renamed Special Mobile Group & GSM System is renamed Global System for Mobile Communications GSM launched for commercial operation. 1993 GSM Phase 2 frozen
1996 Phase 2+ frozen but yearly releases
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Memorandum of Understanding
Operators Regulatory Bodies Interested parties
MoU
Security Roamin g
Chargin g
Etc.
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Compatibility
Italy RTMS U.K.
Spain
Portugal Germany
C-450
Norway
Denmark Sweden
Austria
TACS
Switzerland Finland Netherlands
France
NMT GSM
RADIOCOM 2000
23
Sources of Noise:
Sources of noise:
Vehicle ignition systems Lightning
Co-channel interference
Adjacent channel interference Background spurious noise
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Sources of Noise:
GSM Answers:
Digital interface Interleaving Error detection Error correction
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Flexibility/Increased Capacity
Easily (RF) configured (software driven) Half rate International roaming Better frequency re-use Multi-band operation
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Interface Use:
IEEE 802.3 X.25
G.703
C7
LAP-B
ISDN
V.35
LAP-D
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Security & Confidentiality

GSM Offers
Encryption
ME authentication Subscriber authentication Frequency hopping
BSS
The Hacker
Flexible Handover:
Handover happens here
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ISDN Compatible
PSTN
2B + D
ISDN
B = 64 Kbit/S
D = 16KBit/S 2B+D = 144 Kbit/S
Enhanced Range of Services

Offered by network provider Purchased by subscriber Capabilities of mobile equipment
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Speech Services
Telephony Emergency calls Short message service (SMS) Dual personal & business numbers
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Data Services
Raw data:
9.6 kbit/s
4.8 kbit/s 2.4 kbit/s Fax
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Supplementary Services
Number identification Call barring Call forwarding
Call completion
Charging Multi-party
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SECTION 3
GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS
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GSM Network Components:
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Mobile Station
MS = ME + SIM ME
IMEI
SIM
IMSI
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ME Capabilities
RF Power Capability
Power Class
1
2 3 4 5
Power Output
20 watts (deleted)
8 watts 5 watts 2 watts 0.8 watts
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ME Capabilities
Support of Phase 1, Phase 2 or
Phase 2+ specification Encryption capability Frequency capability Short message services capability
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SIM
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BSS
XCDR
BSS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
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BSS
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BSS
BSC
Control one or more BTSs Switches traffic & signalling to/from the
BTSs & the MSC Connects terrestrial circuits & channels on the air interface Controls handovers performed by BTSs under its control
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BSS
BTS
Contains RF hardware Limited control & functionality
Supports 1 or more cells
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BSS Configurations
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BSS Configurations
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BSS Configurations
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Pulse Code Modulation

QUESTION:
How do we convert speech, which is analogue, into a digital signal? ANSWER: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
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PCM
SAMPLING QUANTISATION CODING 8000 Samples x 8 (bits per sample)
= 64,000 bits/sec
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Transcoder
TRANSCODER
TCH TCH TCH
SIG
TCH 31
1 TCH = 64 kbit/s 30 TCH
1 TCH = 16 Kbit.s 120 GSM traffic channels
MSC XCDR
4 x 2 Mbit/s LINKS
BSS
1 X 2 Mbit/s LINK
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
Transcoded info. from 4 calls
16
C7 Information control
31
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NSS
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MSC
Call Processing
Operations & Maintenance Internetwork Interworking
Billing
Gateway MSC One MSC can support regional capital
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HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI & MSISDN)
Current subscriber VLR (current location)

Supplementary services subscribed to Supplementary service information (e.g.
current forwarding number) Subscriber status (registered/deregistered) Authentication key & AUC functionality Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number
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VLR
Mobile Status
Location Area Identity (LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
(TMSI) Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
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EIR
IMEI checked against:
WHITE LIST
BLACK LIST
GREY LIST
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AUC
Stores information that is necessary to
protect communications through the air interface against intrusions, to which the mobile is vulnerable. The legitimacy of the subscriber is established through authentication and ciphering, which protects the user information against unwanted disclosure.
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AUC
In the authentication procedure the key
Ki is never transmitted to the mobile over the air path, only a random number is sent. In order to gain access to the system the mobile must provide the correct signed response (SRES) in answer to a random number (RAND), generated by the AUC. Also the Ki and the cipher key are never transmitted across the Um between the BTS & MSC. Only the random challenge & the calculated response are transmitted. The value of Ki & Kc are kept secure.
AUC
TRIPLES = Kc, SRES & RAND ALGORITHMS = A3, A5, A8
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IWF
INTERWORKING FUNCTION
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IWF
Provides the interface for the following networks: PSTN public switched telephone network ISDN integrated services digital network CSPDN circuit-switched public data networks
PSPDN packet-switched public data networks

Basic features: Data rate adaption
Protocol conversion
Modem Bank
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EC
Echo Canceller
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EC
Required at the MSC PSTN interface to reduce the
effect of GSM delay when the mobile is connected to the PSTN circuit. The total round trip delay introduced by the GSM system (i.e. speech encoding, decoding, signal processing) is 180mS. This wouldnt normally effect the consumer except when communicating with the PSTN as it requires a 4-wire to 2-wire hybrid transformer in the circuit.
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OMS
OMS NMC
OMC
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OMS
Operations & Maintenance System
provides the capability to manage the GSM network remotely Not tightly specified by GSM regulations Network provider decides on the system
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OMS
NMC GLOBAL:
Single NMC per network Global network management
Employed in long term planning

Used by network managers & planners 24 hr. supervision
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OMS
OMC REGIONAL:
Multiple OMCs per network Regionalised network management
Employed in daily operations

Used by network operators
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NMC
Monitors nodes on network
Monitors GSM network element statistics

Monitors OMC regions & provides
information to OMC staff Passes statistical information from one OMC region to another to improve problem solving strategies Enables long term planning for the entire network
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OMC
2 types OMC (R) Controls Base Station System OMC (S) Controls Network Switching
System It filters data from equipment and passes it to the NMC, to provide a database for long term planning and engineering tools Supports event/alarm, fault, performance, configuration & security management functions Software version & configuration control Network status Traffic collection from network
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GSM Network Components

OMS NMC OMC MSC NSS VLR HLR AUC
EIR IWF
EC
PSTN BSS XCDR BSC BTS

SECTION 4
GSM TERRESTRIAL INTERFACES
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GSM System Interfaces

NMC
XC VLR VLR HLR AUC
MSC
OMC MSC
EIR
XC
IWF
EC
EC
IWF
XC
BSC
PSTN
BTS BTS BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS BTS BTS
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2 Mbit/s Trunks
NMC
XC VLR VLR HLR AUC
MSC
OMC MSC
EIR
XC
IWF
EC
EC
IWF
XC
BSC
PSTN
BTS BTS BT S
BSC
BTS
BT S BT S BT S
BT S
BT S
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X.25 Interfaces
NMC
XC VLR VLR HLR AU C
MSC
OMC MSC
EIR
XC
IWF
EC
EC
IWF
XC
BSC
PSTN
BTS BTS BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS BTS BTS
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C7 Interfaces
NMC
XC VLR VLR HLR AU C
MSC
BSSAP
OMC MSC
EIR
MAP
XC
BSSMAP
IWF
EC
EC
TUP
IWF
XC
BSC
PSTN
BTS BTS BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS BTS
DTAP
BTS
A-bis (LAPD) Interfaces

NMC
XC VLR VLR HLR AUC
MSC
OMC MSC
EIR
XC
IWF
EC
EC
IWF
XC
BSC
PSTN
BT S
BTS
BSC
BT S
LAPD
BT S BT S BT S
BT S
BT S
BT S
LAPDm (Air Interface
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SECTION 5
CHANNELS ON THE AIR INTERFACE
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Modulation
In order for speech,either analogue or digital, to be
transmitted over a radio link, it needs to be placed on a carrier, i.e. a radio frequency The process of combining audio & radio signals is known as modulation. Three parts of a radio signal may be changed in order to represent a modulated signal: Amplitude Frequency phase
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Modulation
Frequency shift keying:
The frequency is altered in accordance
with the modulating signal Amplitude shift keying: Amplitude is altered in accordance with the modulating signal Phase shift keying: Phase is altered in accordance with the modulating signal
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Modulation
PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)
V GAUSSIAN MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING (GMSK)
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Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
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CHANNELS
PHYSICAL CHANNELS:
The medium over which the information
is carried i.e. a cable for terrestrial interfaces LOGICAL CHANNELS: Consist of the information actually carried over the physical channel
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PHYSICAL CHANNELS
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Timeslots & TDMA Frames
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Logical Channels
Logical Channels:
Traffic Channels + Control Channels
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Traffic Channels
TCH Traffic Channels
NB NB
Speech
Data
TCH/FS
TCH/HS
TCH/9.6
TCH/2.4
TCH/EFR TCH/4.8
TCH
ACRONYMS: NB = Normal Burst SACCH = Slow Associated Control Channel FACCH = Fast Associated Control Channel
SACCH
FACCH
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Control Channels
Broadcast Control channels BCCH
Common Control Channels CCCH Dedicated Control Channels - DCCH
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Control Channels
CCH Control Channels
NB NB/AB
DCCH
NB/DB
BCCHDownlink only
SDCCH
ACCH
BCCH
Sync. channels
FB
SB
FACCH
SACCH
SCH
FCCH
CCCH
AB NB
ACRONYMS:
NB = Normal Burst FB = Frequency Burst SB = Synch. Burst AB = Access Burst DB = Dummy Burst RACH Uplink CBCHDownlink
NB
PCH/AGCH -Downlink
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Broadcast Control Channel

CCH Control Channel
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel Downlink only
BCCH
Synchronising Channels
SCH
FCCH
88
Common Control Channel

CCH Control Channel
CCCH
Common control channel Bidirectional
RACH Uplink
CBCH Downlink
PCH/AGCH Downlink
Dedicated Control Channel

CCH Control Channel
DCCH
Dedicated control channel Bidirectional
SDCCH
ACCH
FACCH
SACCH
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Channel Combinations
Full rate traffic channel combination
TCH8/FACCH + SACCH
Broadcast channel combination BCCH +CCCH
Dedicated channel combination

SDCCH8 + SACCH8 Combined channel combination BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH4 + SACCH4
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26 Frame Traffic Channel Multiframe

0.577 ms
Timeslot
TDMA Frame
4.615 ms
Idle
SACCH
Multiframe
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
120 ms
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Multiframes
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Multiframes
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Multiframes
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Mobile Activity
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Message sent
BTS
TCH
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Call Sequence
BTS
(RACH) (SDCCH)
BSC
Allocate channel on Air Interface
(TCH)
MSC VLR
Allocate terrestrial channel And connect to PSTN
PSTN HLR
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Section 6
CHANNELS ON THE AIR INTERFACE
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GSM Burst
TAIL BITS
TRAINING SEQUENCE
STEALING FLAGS
99
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Burst Types
Normal burst
Frequency correction burst Synchronisation burst
Dummy burst
Access burst
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Speech to Radio waves & Back

Speech Speech
Speech transformed into digital blocks
Digitising & Source Coding
Source Decoding
Adds redundancy
Channel Coding
Channel Decoding
Blocks spread into pieces
Interleaving
De-interleaving
These are combined with flags & a midamble to build a burst
Burst Formatting
Burst Formatting
Applied to these bursts
Ciphering
Deciphering
This data modulates the carriers 23/07/2012
Modulation
Demodulation
101
Error Protection & Detection
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Speech Channel Coding
Parity Check
Tail Bits
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Control Channel Coding

Parity Bits Tail bits
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Data Channel Coding
Tail Bits
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Interleaving
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Diagonal Interleaving Speech

Speech Blocks
57 Bits
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Rectangular Interleaving Control

Control Blocks
Bursts
TDMA Frames
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Diagonal interleaving Data

Data Blocks
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Section 7
Radio interface Optimisation
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Timing Advance
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Battery Size
Mobile
Battery
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Power Control
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Voice Activity Detection
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VAD & DTX
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Discontinuous Reception
MS paged once every
3 MF or 705 ms
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Multipath Fading
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Multipath Fading
Tx burst travels to the Rx antenna using multiple paths
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Combatting Multipath Fading

Equalisation
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Diversity
Combiner used to combine the 2 signals into 1 stronger signal
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Frequency Hopping
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Section 8
Introduction To
Microcellular
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Microcells
Microcells = cells for which antennas are mounted below rooftop level. RF radiation is therefore contained within street canyons
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Microcell
Small Buildings
Outside antenna Contains RF energy Tighter frequency reuse & better spectrum efficiency
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Microcell
80%-90% of GSM users are slow moving or stationary
(i.e. class 4 mobiles)
Microcellular structure offers enhanced service to such users
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Building Penetration
Reflective glass & metallic coating
Brick & Concrete
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Antenna Types
Directional Antenna
Omni Directional Antenna
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Microcellular Solution
Increased capacity & better coverage
Better coverage where macrocells do not
i.e. in hotspots On-street cells will sometimes have better in-building coverage that macrocells depending on location etc. Specific in-building cells may be implemented Microcells can be used to supplement channel capacity and rapid traffic growth Increased spectral efficiency
Picocells
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Picocell use
Cell 1
Cell 2 Cell 3
Cell 4
Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 7
Each floor has its own cell allowing calls to be maintained on and between different floors
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Cp02 Introduction To Digital Cellular: 1 Motorola 23/07/2012

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Cp02 Introduction To Digital Cellular

Section 1 Principles of Cellular Communications

Section 1 Principles of Cellular Communications

Revenue / Profit margins

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Transmit (downlink) 925 960 Mhz

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Bandwidth = 200 Mhz

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Frequency 1 Frequency 2 Frequency3

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

120 Degree Cells

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Switching & Control:

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Analogue 1st Generation

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Analogue 1st Generation

860 940 (two band)

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

ETSI European Telecommunications Institute 1988

TETRA DECT Other Technologies

1982 Groupe Spciale Mobile created within CEPT

1990 GSM 900 Phase 1 frozen

1996 Phase 2+ frozen but yearly releases

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Switzerland Finland Netherlands

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Security & Confidentiality

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Enhanced Range of Services

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

GSM Network Components:

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Supports 1 or more cells

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

Pulse Code Modulation

MOTOROLA - Internal use only

MOTOROLA - Internal use only