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CARDIODYNAMICS
The term cardiodynamics
Contractility is the
amount of force produced
during a contraction, at a
given preload. Under
normal circumstances,
contractility can be altered
by autonomic innervation or
circulating hormones.
Factors that increase contractility
are said to have positive inotropic
action; those that decrease
contractility have a negative
inotropic action.
Positive inotropic agents
typically stimulate Ca2+ entry
into cardiac muscle cells, thus
increasing the force and duration
of ventricular contractions.
THREE: Afterload:
Afterload is the amount of
tension that the contracting
ventricles must produce to force
open the semilunar valves and
eject blood. The greater is the
afterload, the longer is the period
of isovolumetric contraction, the
shorter the duration of
ventricular ejection, and the
larger the ESV. That is, as the
Afterload is increased by any
factor that restricts blood flow
through the arterial system.
For example, constriction of
peripheral blood vessels or a
circulatory blockage will
elevate arterial blood
pressure and increase the
afterload. If the afterload is
too great, ventricle cannot
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEART
RATE
Under normal circumstances,
(1) autonomic activity and
(2) circulating hormones are
responsible for making delicate
adjustments to the heart rate as
circulatory demands change. These
factors act by modifying the
natural rhythm of the heart. Even a
heart removed for a heart
transplant will continue to beat
unless steps are taken to prevent
it.