K.B. Pavan Kumar M.

Tech(DECS) Roll no:10121D3805

GUIDE Prof.R.S.Rao Dept. of ECE SVEC

SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous) Sree Sainathnagar, A.Rangampet, Tirupathi-517102

OUTLINE

Objective Introduction OFDM OFDM Transceiver Principles of operation PAR reduction methods Adaptive Active Constellation Extension Method Summary of proposed algorithm Gradient step size AACE Algorithm model Simulation results Optimization Problem References

OBJECTIVE
For PAR reduction in OFDM systems, the clipping based Active Constellation Extension (ACE) technique is simple and attractive for practical implementation. However, we observe it cannot achieve the minimum PAR when the target clipping level is set below an initially unknown optimum value. To overcome this low clipping ratio problem, we propose a novel ACE algorithm with adaptive clipping control. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can reach the minimum PAR for severely low clipping ratios. In addition, we present the tradeoff between PAR and the loss in / over an AWGN channel in terms of the clipping ratio.

INTRODUCTION
Among various peak-to-average ratio (PAR) reduction techniques, the active constellation extension (ACE) technique is attractive for use in the down-link. The reason is that ACE allows the reduction of highpeak signals by extending some modulation constellation points toward the outside of the constellation without any loss of data rate. The basic principle of clipping-based ACE (CB-ACE) algorithms involves switching between the time domain and the frequency domain.

CONT
Filtering and applying the ACE constraint in the frequency domain, after clipping in the time domain, both require iterative processing to suppress the subsequent re-growth of the peak power. CB-ACE algorithms have a low clipping ratio problem in that they cannot achieve the minimum PAR when the target clipping level is set below an initially unknown optimum value.

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. Its is a hybrid of FDMA and TDMA Users are dynamically assigned subcarriers (FDMA) in different time slots (TDMA) In OFDM the entire bandwidth is divided among many MS's in the cell. Each MS using only a small subset of subcarriers. Thus each MS transmits with a lower PAR The advantages of OFDM starts with the advantage of single-user OFDM in terms of robust multipath suppression and frequency diversity It can accommodate many users with widely varying applications, data rates, and QOS requirements

OFDM TRANSCEIVER

Figure: OFDM Transceiver

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
1. Orthogonality Conceptually, OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint being: all the carrier signals are orthogonal to each other. In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-carriers are orthogonal to each other, so that cross-talk between the sub-channels is eliminated and inter-carrier guard bands are not required. This greatly simplifies the design of both the transmitter and the receiver; unlike conventional FDM, a separate filter for each subchannel is not required.

2. Guard interval One key principle of OFDM is that since low symbol rate modulation schemes suffer less from intersymbol interference caused by multipath propagation, it is advantageous to transmit a number of low-rate streams in parallel instead of a single high-rate stream. Since the duration of each symbol is long, it is feasible to insert a guard interval between the OFDM symbols, thus eliminating the inter-symbol interference. The guard interval also eliminates the need for a pulse-shaping filter, and it reduces the sensitivity to time synchronization problems.

PAR REDUCTION METHODS

Clipping and filtering and non-linear distortion Multiple signal representation Partial transmit signalling Selected mapping Interleaving Constellation optimization Tone Reservation Tone injection Active constellation extension Coding Receiver-side clipping noise compensation

ADAPTIVE ACTIVE CONSTELLATION EXTENSION METHOD (AACE)

Make constellations more flexible:

There are many or infinite points which can be used to transmit Find a good or best representation with PAR as the cost function.

Allowable Extensions do NOT change ML decision regions

Extensions cannot change minimum distance properties Generally, this means only outside constellation points can be moved

Very simple for the case of QAM constellations

CONT

Key idea: move constellation points, but dont change receiver decision boundaries i.e. maintain or increase margin

SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ALGORITHM

Step 1: Initialize the parameters like clipping level , iterations Step 2: Set = 0, x (0) = x and (0) = . Step 3: Compute the clipping signal; if there is no clipping signal, transmit signal, x(). Step 4: Transfer the clipping signal into the antipeak signal Step 5: Update x() in (4) and minimizing (6) Step 6: Increase the iteration counter, I = i+1. If < , go to Step 2 and repeat; otherwise, Transmit signal, x().

GRADIENT STEP SIZE

We can use a preselected step size, but convergence will be slower. We can determine a step size for each ACE application. Signals are complex, so it may be difficult to determine an optimal step size that minimizes the PAR at each level. Solution: Linearize the optimal step size with a safe, simple, and intuitive assumptions valid while the PAR has not been
reduced a lot already.

Assumption breaks down after about four ACE iterations, but most gains are achieved within the first two or three iterations.

AACE ALGORITHM MODEL

SIMULATION RESULTS
X=1 Y=11.53

INITIAL PAR

SIMULATION RESULTS

X=6 Y=7.423

PAR from Adaptive CB-ACE

SIMULATION RESULTS

SIMULATION RESULTS

PAR of original signal

X=14 Y=0.155

CB-ACE; Gamma=2Db
X=11.5 Y=0.003

. .
X=14.5 Y=0.025

CB-ACE; Gamma=0Db

X=12 Y=0.025

CB-ACE; Gamma=4Db

PARAMETERS USED FOR CLIPPING & FILTERING

PARAMETERS
Band width Sampling frequency Carrier frequency

VALUES
1 MHz 8 MHz 2MHz

FFT size(N) Number of guard interval samples Modulation order

128 32 QAM

COMPARISON OF PAR REDUCTION

Distortion less Clipping & Filtering NO Power Increase NO Data loss rate NO

Coding Partial Transmit Signaling Selected Mapping Interleaving Tone Reservation Tone Injection ACE

YES YES

NO NO

YES YES

YES YES YES YES YES

NO NO YES YES YES

YES YES YES NO NO

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

Rate Maximization

Maximize the total rate subject to a power budget.

Margin Maximization

Minimize the total power to meet a target total rate.

REFERENCES

G. Andrews and Edward J. Powers, Adaptive Active Constellation Extension Algorithm for Peak-to-Average Ratio Reduction in OFDM, in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technology Conf., Sep. 2010, pp. 3941. L. Wang and C. Tellambura, An adaptive-scaling algorithm for OFDM PAR reduction using active constellation extension, in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technology Conf., Sep. 2006, pp. 15. J. Tellado, Multicarrier Modulation with Low PAR: Applications to DSL and Wireless. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. E. Van der Ouderaa, J. Schoukens, and J. Renneboog, Peak factor minimization using a time-frequency domain swapping algorithm, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 145-147, Mar. 1988. Y. Kou, W.-S. Lu, and A. Antoniou, New peak-to-average power-ratio reduction algorithm for multicarrier communication, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Syst., vol. 51 no. 9, pp. 1790-1800, Sep. 2004.

E. Van der Ouderaa, J. Schoukens, and J. Renneboog, Peak factor minimization using a time-frequency domain swapping algorithm, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 145147, Mar. 1988.

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