ISOM2000 Tutorial

Introduction to Magneto-Optics
Katsuaki Sato
Department of Applied Physics
Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Light and Magnetism
3. What is the Magneto-Optical Effect?
4. Electromagnetism and Magneto-Optics
5. Electronic Theory
6. Measurement of Magneto-Optical Effect
7. Magneto-Optical Spectra
8. Recent Advances in Magneto-Optics
9. Summary
1. Introduction
Magneto-Optical EffectDiscovered by Faraday on 1845
PhenomenonChange of Linear Polarization to Elliptically
Polarized Light Accompanied by Rotation of Principal Axis
CauseDifference of Optical Response between LCP and
RCP
Application
Magneto-Optical Disk
Optical Isolator
Current Sensors
Observation Technique
2. Light and Magnetism
LightMagnetismPhotomagentic Effect
Thermomagnetic EffectCurie pt. recordingMO disk
Light-induced Magnetizationruby, DMS
Light-induced spin reorientationOptical motor
MagnetismLightMagneto-Optical Effect
Shift or splitting of optical absorption line(Zeeman eff.)
Magnetic resonanceESR, magneto-plasma effect
Magneto-optical effect(Faraday, Kerr, Cotton Mouton)
3.What is the Magneto-Optical
Effect?
MO Effect in Wide Meaning
Any change of optical response induced by
magnetization
MO Effect in Narrow Meaning
Change of intensity or polarization induced by
magentization
Faraday effect
MOKE(Magneto-optical Kerr effect)
Cotton-Mouton effect
3.1 Faraday & Voigt
Configurations
(a) Faraday Configuration:
Magnetization // Light Vector
(b)Voigt Configuration:
Magnetization Light Vector
3.2 Faraday Effect
MO effect for optical transmission
Magnetic rotationFaraday rotationu
F
Magnetic Circular DichroismFaraday Ellipticity q
F
Comparison to Natural Optical Rotation
Faraday Effect is Nonreciprocal (Double rotation for round
trip)
Natural rotation is Reciprocal (Zero for round trip)
Verdet Constant
u
F
=VlH (For paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials
Illustration of Faraday Effect
For linearly polarized light
incidence,
Elliptically polarized light
goes out (MCD)
With the principal axis
rotated (Magnetic rotation)
Linearly polarized
light
Elliptically
Polarized light
Rotation of
Principal axis
3.3 Faraday rotation of magnetic materials
Materials

rotation
(deg)

figure of
merit(deg/dB)
wavelength
(nm)
temperat
ure
(K)
Mag. field
(T)

literatu
re

Fe

3.82510
5




578

RT

2.4

1.11)

Co

1.8810
5




546



2

1.11)

Ni

1.310
5




826

120 K

0.27

1.11)

Y
3
Fe
5
O
12


250



1150

100 K



1.12)

Gd
2
BiFe
5
O
12

1.0110
4


44

800

RT



1.13)

MnSb

2.810
5




500





1.14)

MnBi

5.010
5


1.43

633





1.15)

YFeO
3


4.910
3




633





1.16)

NdFeO
3


4.7210
4




633





1.17)

CrBr
3


1.310
5




500

1.5K



1.18)

EuO

510
5


10
4


660

4.2 K

2.08

1.19)

CdCr
2
S
4


3.810
3


35(80K)

1000

4K

0.6

1.20)

3.4 Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect
Three kinds of MO Kerr effects
Polar KerrMagnetization is oriented
perpendicular to the suraface
Longitudinal KerrMagnetization is in plane
and is parallel to the plane of incidence
Transverse Kerr Magnetization is in plane
and is perpendicular to the plane of incidence
3.5 MO Kerr rotation of magnetic materials
aterials rotation
Photon
energy
temperat
ure
field literature


(deg)

(eV)

(K)

(T)



Fe

0.87

0.75

RT



1.21)

Co

0.85

0.62





1.21)

Ni

0.19

3.1





1.21)

Gd

0.16

4.3





1.22)

Fe
3
O
4


0.32

1





1.23)

MnBi

0.7

1.9





1.24)

PtMnSb

2.0

1.75



1.7

1.8)

CoS
2


1.1

0.8

4.2

0.4

1.25)

CrBr
3


3.5

2.9

4.2



1.26)

EuO

6

2.1

12



1.27)

USb
0.8
Te
0.2


9.0

0.8

10

4.0

1.28)

CoCr
2
S
4


4.5

0.7

80



1.29)

a-GdCo
*

0.3

1.9

RT



1.30)

CeSb

90



2



1.31)
* "a-" means "amorphous".
4. Electromagnetism and
Magnetooptics
Light is the electromagnetic wave.
Transmission of EM waveMaxwell equation
Medium is regareded as continuumdielectric
permeability tensor
Effect of Magnetic fieldmainly to off-diagonal element
Eigenequation
Complex refractive indextwo eigenvalues
eigenfunctionsright and left circularpolarization
Phase difference between RCP and LCProtation
Amplitude difference circular dichroism
4.1 Dielectric tensor
E D
0
~
c =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c c
c c c
c c c
= c
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
~
ij ij ij
c
' '
+ c
'
= c
Isotromic mediaM//z
Invariant C4 for 90rotation
around z-axis
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c c
c c c
c c c
= c = c
'

zz zx zy
xz xx xy
yz yx yy
C C
4
1
4
~ ~
0 = c = c = c = c
c = c
c = c
zy zx yz xz
xy yx
yy xx
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c c
c c
= c
zz
xx xy
xy xx
0 0
0
0
~
4.2 MO Equations (1)
( )
( )
( ) 0
~
2
2
2
= e
c
c e c
+ e E
t c
E rot rot
0
0 0
0

2
2
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c c
c c
z
y
x
zz
xx xy
xy xx
E
E
E
N
N
xy xx
i N c c =

Eigenvalue
EigenfunctionLCP and RCP
Without off-diagonal termsNo difference between LCP & RCP
No magnetooptical effect
Maxwell Equation
Eigenequation
MO Equations (2)
x x
y x
y x x x y x x x
i i i N N N
c
c
~ c c c + c = = A
+

2 ) 2 (
2
1
) 0 (
) 1 (

M
M
i
i N
xx xx
xy
x x
y x
F
c + c
c

t
~
c
c

t
=

A t
= u

Both diagonal and off-diagonal terms contribute to
Magneto-optical effect
4.3 Phenomenology of MO effect
Linearly polarized light can be
decomposed to LCP and RCP
Difference in phase causes rotation of
the direction of Linear polarization
Difference in amplitudes makes
Elliptically polarized light
In general, elliptically polarized light
With the principal axis rotated
5. Electron theory of Magneto-Optics
MagnetizationSplitting of spin-states
No direct cause of difference of optical response
between LCP and RCP
Spin-orbit interactionSplitting of orbital states
Absorption of circular polarizationInduction of circular
motion of electrons
Condition for large magneto-optical response
Presence of strong (allowed) transitions
Involving elements with large spin-orbit interaction
Not directly related with Magnetization
5.1 Microscopic concepts of
electronic polarization
= +
+ +
+
+ + -
-
Unperturbed
wavefunction
Wavefunction
perturbed by
electric field
E
S-like P-like
Expansion by unperturbed
orbitals
5.2 Orbital angular momentum-selection
rules and circular dichroism
L
z
=0
L
z
=+1
L
z
=-1
s-like
p
-
=p
x
-ip
y

p
+
=p
x
+ip
y

p
x
-orbital
p
y
-orbital
5.3 Role of Spin-Orbit Interaction
L=1
L=0
L
Z
=+1,0,-1
L
Z
=0
Jz=-3/2
Jz=-1/2
Jz=+1/2
Jz=+3/2
Jz=-1/2
Jz=+1/2
Exchange
splitting
Exchange
+spin-orbit
Without
magnetization
5.4 MO lineshapes (1)
Excited state
Ground state
e
0

e
1
e
2

A
Without
magnetization
With
magnetization
L
z
=0
L
z
=+1
L
z
=-1
1+2
Photon energy Photon energy
c
xy
c
xy

1.Diamagnetic lineshape
5.4 MO lineshapes (2)
excited state
ground state
f
+

f
-

A f=f
+
- f
-

e
0

without magnetic
field
with magnetic
field
c
xy

c
xy

photon energy
(a)
(b)
d
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

6. Measurement of MO effect
1. Cross-polarizer
technique
2. Vibrating polarizer
technique
3. Rotating analyzer
technique
4. Faraday modulation
technique
5. Optical retardation
modulation
6. Measuring system
for MO spectrum
7. Measurement of
elleipticity

L
P B A
D
u
P

u
F

u
A

I
u
P
=u
A
+t/2
t/4 rotation t/2 rotation
t rotation
B
(a)
(b)
S
6.1 Cross-Nicol technique
u
P

B
P
u
F

u+u
F
A
D
I
D

S
6.2 Vibrating polarizer
technique
P
A
D
S
B E
u
F

u
A
=pt
I
D

6.3 Rotating analyzer
technique
Faraday modulator
P
u= u
0
+Ausin pt
B
S
A
D
I=I
0
+A I sin pt
u
F

I
D

6.4 Faraday modulation
technique
Zero method
i
j
t/4
P
PEM
A
D
quartz
Isotropic
medium
B
fused silica
CaF
2

Ge etc.
l
Retardation
o=(2t/)Anl sin pt
=o
0
sin pt
6.5 Retardation modulation
technique
L MC
P
C (f Hz)
M
1

M
2

PEM
(p Hz)
S
Preamplifier
LA
1
(f Hz)
LA
2
(p Hz)
LA
3
(2p Hz)
6.6 Spectral measurement
x
y
x
y
/4plate
q
E
0
E
0
sinq
E
0
cosq

E E i i j = +
0
(cos sin ) q q
Optic
axis
( )

E E i i e j
E i j
E i
i
' (cos sin )
cos sin
'
= +
= +
=

0
2
0
0
q q
q q
t
x
y
q
E
E
6.7 Measurement of ellipticity
7. MO spectra of materials
Magnetic garnets
Metallic ferromagnetFe, Co, Ni
Intermetallic compounds and alloysPtMnSb etc.
Magnetic semiconductorCdMnTe etc.
SuperlatticesPt/Co, Fe/Au etc.
AmorphousTbFeCo, GdFeCo etc.
GranularAl2O3:Co
Theory and experiment of MO
spectra in Fe
Katayama
theory
(a) (b)
(c)
MO spectra of PtMnSb


( )
xx xx
xy
K
c c
c
O

=
1
Wavelength (nm)
P
o
l
a
r

K
e
r
r

r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
i
n
)

MO spectra in RE-TM (1)
5 4 3 2
Photon Energy (eV)
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
P
o
l
a
r

K
e
r
r

r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
e
g
)

Wavelength (nm)
300 400 500 600 700
MO spectra in RE-TM(2)
Recent Advances in
Magneto-Optics
Scanning Near Field Magneto-Optical
Microscope (MO-SNOM)
Nonlinear Magneto-Optics
Sagnac Magneto-Optical Microscope
X-ray Magneto-Optical Imaging
SUMMARY
Basic concept of magneto-optics is
described.
Macroscopic and microscopic origins of
magneto-optics are described.
Some of the recent development of
magneto-optics is also given.