RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

Gas Exchange

By X1 IA 1 Group 6: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Akhmad Rizki Hidayatullah Anggun Citra Rahmani Farida Norma Yulia Rossinta Indahsari Trastian Satria Wibowo (01) (02) (14) (26) (28)

Breathing Moving air in and out of the lungs

Breathing and Respiration are NOT the same thing!

Respiration A process of combustion (oxidation) of organic compounds (food) in the cells to obtain energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Purpose of Respiratory System

1. Ventilate the lungs

2. Extract oxygen from the air and transfer it to the bloodstream

3. Extract carbon dioxide and water vapour 4. Maintain the acid base of the blood

Respiration Process
Aerob Respiration

Anerob Respiration

Human Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory Tract

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

Passageway for respiration (Nose) Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material (Nasal hairs in nostril) Moistens and warms incoming air (Nasal cavity) Resonating chambers for voice (Larynx)

Lower Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract Functions

Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Respiratory Tract

Mechanics of Breathing
Air enters nostrils

filtered by hairs, warmed & humidified sampled for odors

Pharynx glottis larynx (vocal cords) trachea (windpipe) bronchi bronchioles air sacs (alveoli) Epithelial lining covered by cilia & thin film of mucus

mucus traps dust, pollen, particulates beating cilia move mucus upward to pharynx, where it is swallowed

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9

Lung Capacity

Lung Volume
Tidal volume: Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs during quiet respiration. Inspiratory reserve volume: Maximum volume of air that can beinspired after normal tidal inspiration. Expiratory reserve volume: Maximum volume of air that can be expired after normal tidal expiration. Residual volume: Volume of air that remains in lungs after forceful expiration. Closing volume: Lung volume at which airways begin to close off.

Lung Capacities
Inspiratory capacity: Maximum Volume of air that can be inspired after end of tidal expiration. IC = TV + IRV. Expiratory capacity: Maximum volume of air that can be expired after end of tidal inspiration. EC = TV + ERV. Vital capacity: Maximum volume of air that can be expelled forcefully following a maximal inspiration. VC = TV +IRV=ERV. Functional residual capacity: Volume of air that remains in the lung after end of tidal respiration. FRC = RV + ERV. Total lung capacity: VC + RV

Factors Affecting Vital Capacity

1. VC in males > females. 2. VC decreases in advancing age.
3. VC decreases in pregnancy.

4. VC is greater in standing position as compared to sitting or lying.

5. VC decreases in diseases of respiratory system.

Regulation of Breathing

Four Respiration Processes

Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Direct diffusion through cells

Phyla Cnidaria
How to maximize rate of diffusion?
thin cell or tissue layers circulate water across outer surface (maintain DP)

What constraints are associated with this system?

cannot be large in size cannot be involved in energy-consuming activities

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Cutaneous (skin) respiration

Phyla Annelida
How to maximize rate of diffusion?
thin skin increase surface area with parapodia use cilia on skin to move water (maintain DP)

What constraints are associated with this system?

cannot get too large no energetically expensive activities

Respiratory Systems in Animals

External Gills
Phylum Chordata Larval fish and amphibians (also in some adult salamanders)
thin gills

How to maximize rate of diffusion?

increase surface area with feather-like arrangement of gills and by using skin as additional respiratory surface must be in constant motion or in water current

What constraints are associated with this system?

relatively small body size tissue delicate and cannot be protected

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Neotenic salamander (development arrested in juvenile stage; adults have external gills)

Respiratory Systems in Animals Internal (covered) Gills

Phylum Chordata Bony fish (Class Osteichthyes)
Internal gills enclosed within body chambers that move water over gills
Buccal cavity (mouth) Opercular cavity (gill chamber below gill cover or operculum)

Two cavities act together to draw water across surface of gills

Respiratory Systems in Animals Internal (covered) Gills

How to maximize rate of diffusion?
Thin gills (blood vessels close to surface of gill) Increase surface area of gill with feather-like arrangement Constantly pump water across gills with buccal and opercular cavities Uses counter-current system in gills to increase DP

What constraints are associated with this system?

Gills very efficient in water but do not work on land Gills lack support needed in less-buoyant air Air is relatively dry and all respiratory surfaces must be moist (gas exchange must occur in water); gills have large surface area exposed to dry air

Respiratory Systems in Animals Structure of Internal (covered) Gills

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Water flows over surface of lamellae of gills within which are capillaries flow of blood in capillaries is opposite flow of water = countercurrent system of gas exchange

Disorders of The Respiratory

Anthrax Caused by spores of the bacterium Asthma attack May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion ATELECTAS IS collapse of part or all of a lung, A caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury

Disorders of The Respiratory

BRONCHITI S infection of the bronchi An Carbon monoxide poisoning Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide CHRONING OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE of chronic respiratory disorders A group including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema

Disorders of The Respiratory

COL D respiratory infection A CYSTIC FIBROSIS by mutation of a single gene, the Caused CFTR gene, which controls salt balance in the lungs EMPHYSE MA alveoli lose The
elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well, can be caused by smoking

Disorders of The Respiratory

hantavirus A respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks Hay fever
A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food

Lung cancer Directly linked to smoking and smoke products, CO2, which affects the CO2 diffusion gradient

Disorders of The Respiratory

PLEURAL EFFUSION in which air or fluid enters the A condition pleural cavity PLEURIS Y inflammation of the membranes An that line the lungs PNEUMO NIA inflammation of the An lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing

Disorders of The Respiratory

pneumoconios is inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled An irritants Respiratory acidosis A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH Respiratory alkalosis A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

Disorders of The Respiratory

Respiratory distress syndrome A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly sinusitis An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) A respiratory disorder of newborns

Disorders of The Respiratory

tuberculosis Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air

Upper respiratory infection Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx

Technology of Respiratory System