TBI 6A Third Group

Ahmad Nur Arif

Erni Nubzatul

Amalia NH.
Eni Nur Aini

Eva Mardiyah

Fauzi Nurul F.

Subordination

Subordination is the insertion of a subordinate (dependent) clause into a main clause

Subordinate clause Does not stand alone

Ex: Before I recycle them, I wash the tins

Subordinate will began with subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb.

after, although, as, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order that, once, provided that, rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, wheter, while, why, etc.

Subordinate conjunctions :

Sentences in English are often include more than one clause. Based on the amount of its phrasing clause, there are four kinds of sentences: 1. Simple sentence 2.Compound sentence 3.Complex sentence 4.Compound-complex sentence

Sentence which consist of one clause (one main clause). Example: The cat ran.
Sentence which consist of two main clauses and connected by compound conjunction FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). These conjunctions are in behind and before it must put coma.
Form: subject + finite verb (coma), conjunction subject + finite verb.

1. Simple sentence

2. Compound sentence

Danu is Tall, but Amalia is short. Tom is singing, and Jerry is dancing. Febri is tired, yet he is not going to sleep. If in compound sentence consist of the same subject, so the sentence can be concluded by omitting the second subject. It called with Elliptic

Sentence which consist of one main clause and minimal one sub clause. There are three kinds of sub clause : Adverbial clause Noun clause Adjective clause

3. Complex sentence

As adverb, its position is in behind or in front of the main clause. When it is in front of the main clause, adverbial clause must be separate with coma. Example: Tom failed the exam even though he knew the material. Even though he knew the material, Tom failed the exam. There are ten kinds of adverbial clause (AC) :
1. AC of time 6. AC of purpose 2.AC of place 7. AC of condition 3.AC of contrast 8. AC of manner 4.AC of cause 9. AC of degree 5.AC of result 10. that clause after certain adj.

Adverbial clause

Conjunction : after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, now that, once, since, until, when, whenever, while Example : You may begin whenever you are ready. Now that the time has arrived for his vacation, he does not want to leave.

1.AC of time

Conjuction : Where and wherever Example : She lives where the Jonsons used to live. Wherever she goes, she always bring her camera.

2. AC of place

Conjunction : although, even though, though, even if, much as, not that, whereas, while, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that. Example : While I do not like that artist personality, I admire his work. We had a picnic in spite of the fact that the weather was very bad.

3. AC of contrast

Conjuction : as, because, in as much as, now that, since. Example : In as much as no offer has been made to pay for the damage, our company will have to take this case to court. They left the party at 11 p.m as they had to get up early the next day.

4. AC of cause

Conjuction : So that, Such that. Example : The lock on my suitcase broke so that all my belongings fell onto the conveyor. He was injured so badly that he had to go to the hospital. It was such a rainy night that they decide to stay home.

5. AC of result

Conjunction : in order that, so (that) Example : They left very early in order that they might arrive before dark. I bought the book so that I could read on the flight.

6. AC of purpose

Conjuction : even if, if, in case, only if, provide (that), unless, whether ..... Or whether. Example : in case you leave the house, please close the windows. We will manufacture these hand bags only if we can obtain the right leather.

7. AC of condition

Conjunction : as, as if, as though, in that, just as, like. Example : she acts like she owns the place. She always does as her husband tells her.

8. AC of manner

Conjunction : as ...... as, so ....... as, -er ..... than, more- ... Than, less- ..... Than. Example : he works as hard as his brother does. We are having a colder winter than we had last year.

9. AC of degree (comparison)

10. That clause after certain adjective

Subject + be + certain adjective (happy, glad, sorry, afraid, etc) + that clause

Ex : I am happy that I live in this country. we are glad that you are feeling better today.

1. Abridgment in nominal sentence. Conjunction + Adjective AC full : although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar. AC abridgment : although rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar. AC full : when you are ready, you can begin ypur speech. AC abridgment : when ready, you can begin your speech.

Adverbial clause in the form of abridgment (peringkasan)

Active : conjunction + Ving (present participle) Passive : conjunction + V3 (past participle) Example : Active : although he feels rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar. Abridgment : although feeling rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar. Passive : once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed. Abridgment : once submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.

2. Abridgment in verbal sentence

(menghilangkan conjunction dan subjectnya, kemudian finite verbnya diubah menjadi Ving untuk kalimat active dan menjadi V3 untuk kalimat passive) Actice : Ving + Complement, S + Finite Verb. Passive : V3 + (by agent), S + finite verb.

3. Adverbial clause in reducing form.

Complete : after they had finished their supper, the boys went out to play. Reducing : Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play. Complete : because it is built by hand, the car is in superb condition. Reducing : built by hand, the car is in superb condition.

Exercise! 1. Having finished lunch, _______________ a. The detectives began to discuss the case. b. The case was discussed again by the detectives. c. They discussed the case. d. A bunch of detectives discussing the case. 2. Having been asked to speak at the convebtion, ______________ a. Some notes were prepared for Dr. Casagrande. b. Dr. Casagrande prepared some notes. c. The convention members were pleased to hear Dr. Casagrande. d. Some notes were prepared by Dr. Casagrande.

N o. 1.

Noun cluse from : Statement

Noun clause
Conj. function Subject of verb Subject after it Subjective complement Object of verb Example That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all. It is well known that coffee grows in Brazil. My understanding is that coffee grows in Brazil. I know that coffee grows in Brazil.

That

N Noun o cluse . from : 2.

Conj.

function Noun clause Example

Question wheter a. Yes (or or no not) question if

Whether (or not) he gets Subject of the money doesnt verb concern me.
Subjective complement Object of verb Object of preposition The question is whether he will get the money. Do you know whether (or if) he will get the money? We were concerned about whether he would get the money.

N Noun o cluse . from : 2.

Conj.

function Noun clause

Example

b.Information question

who, what, which, when, where, why, how

Subject of verb

How he gets the money is his own affair.

Subjective complement

The question is how he will get the money.

Object of verb
Object of preposition

I dont know how he will get the money.

We were concerned about how he will get the money.

c c c 3.

Noun cluse from :

Conj.

Noun clause
function

Example

Request

That

Object of verb

He suggested that I write the letter soon.

4. Exclama- What tion How

Object of verb Object of preposition

I hadnt realized what a pretty girl she was. We talked about how pretty the girl was.

Exercise!
____ 1. the game show contestant was able to response to whatever we asked. ____ 2. you should find out which the best physics department. ____ 3. when the season starts is determined by the weather.

 Adjective clause The function as adjective. Because the function as adjective, adjective clause is to clarify noun or pronoun. Its position is in behind noun or pronoun as head. The woman is filling the glass that is on the table.
The glass that is on the table contains milk.

4. Compound-Complex sentence
A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Some examples: 1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with. independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately" independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with" dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

Exercise!
1. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and _____ continually change. a. Enmities that c. Enmities that are b. That are enmities d. That enmities 2. At the end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet developed a test for measuring intelligence _____ served as the basis of modern IQ test. a. Has c. And b. it has d. Which has

Enough.... Thank you so much