Transistor Definitions

MOS - Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET - Field Effect Transistor BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor

Transistor
Beside diodes, the most popular semiconductor devices is transistors. Eg: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Transistors are more complex and can be used in many ways Most important feature: can amplify signals and as switch Amplification can make weak signal strong (make sounds louder and signal levels greater), in general, provide function called Gain

Transistor Structure
BJT is bipolar because both holes (+) and electrons (-) will take part in the current flow through the device N-type regions contains free electrons (negative carriers) P-type regions contains free holes (positive carriers) 2 types of BJT NPN transistor PNP transistor The transistor regions are: Emitter (E) send the carriers into the base region and then on to the collector Base (B) acts as control region. It can allow none,some or many carriers to flow Collector (C) collects the carriers

PNP and NPN transistor structure

P
N N P

Ic(mA) IB(A) IE(mA) IB(A)

Ic(mA)

IE(mA)

Arrow shows the current flows

NPN Transistor Structure

The collector is lightly doped. The base is thin and is lightly doped. The emitter is heavily doped. C B E

Transistor Transistor configuration is a connection of transistor to get variety configuration operation.

3 types of configuration: Common Collector. Common Base. Common Emitter

Common-Collector Configuration The input signal is applied to the base terminal and the
output is taken from the emitter terminal. Collector terminal is common to the input and output of the circuit Input BC Output EC Input = Output

Common-Base Configuration
Base terminal is a common point for input and output. Input EB Output CB Not applicable as an amplifier because the relation between input current gain (IE) and output current gain (IC) is approximately 1

Common-Emitter Configuration
Emitter terminal is common for input and output circuit Input BE Output CE Mostly applied in practical amplifier circuits, since it provides good voltage, current and power gain

NPN Transistor Bias

IC
N

Current flows everywhere. When both junctions are biased.... Note that IB is smaller than IE or IC.

C B E

IB
N

IE

Note: when the switch opens, all currents go to zero.

Although IB is smaller it controls IE and IC. Gain is something small controlling something large (IB is small).

IC
N

C B E

IB
N

IE

IC = 99 mA

The current gain from base to collector is called . IB = 1 mA 99 mA IC I 1BmA

P

C B E

= 99

IE = 100 mA

IC = 99 mA

Kirchhoffs current law: IB = 1 mA IE = IB + IC = 1 mA + 99 mA = 100 mA IE = 100 mA

N P

C B E

IC = 99 mA

In a PNP transistor, holes flow from emitter to collector. IB = 1 mA Notice the PNP bias voltages.

C B E

IE = 100 mA

PNP Schematic Symbol

Collector

Base

C B E

Emitter

NPN Schematic Symbol

Collector

Base

C B E

Memory aid: NPN means Not Pointing iN.

Emitter

Recall: NPN and PNP Bias

Fundamental operation of pnp transistor and npn transistor is similar except for: role of electron and hole, voltage bias polarity, and Current direction

I-V Characteristic for CE configuration : Input Input characteristic: input characteristic

current (IB) against input voltage (VBE) for several output voltage (VCE) From the graph
IB = 0 A IB = value VBE < 0.7V (Si) VBE > 0.7V (Si)

The transistor turned on when VBE = 0.7V

Output characteristic: output current (IC) against output voltage (VCE) for several input current (IB)

I-V Characteristic for CE configuration : Output characteristic

3 operating regions:
Saturation region Cut-off region Active region

I-V Characteristic for CE configuration : Output characteristic

Saturation region in which both junctions are forward-biased and IC increase linearly with VCE Cut-off region where both junctions are reverse-biased, the IB is very small, and essentially no IC flows, IC is essentially zero with increasing VCE Active region in which the transistor can act as a linear amplifier, where the BE junction is forward-biased and BC junction is reversebiased. IC increases drastically although only small changes of IB. Saturation and cut-off regions areas where the transistor can operate as a switch Active region area where transistor operates as an amplifier

Current Relationships
Relations between IC and IE : = IC IE Value of usually 0.9998 to 0.9999, 1 Relations between IC and IB : = IC @ IC = IB IB Value of usually in range of 50 400 The equation, IE =IC + IB can also written in IC = IB IE = IB + IB => IE = ( + 1)IB The current gain factor , and is: = @ = . +1 -1

Field Effect Transistors

JFET MOSFET CMOS

How a JFET transistor works?

When the gate is negative ,it repels the electron in the Nchannel. So there is no way for electrons to flow from source to drain.

When the negative voltage is removed from Gate ,the electrons can flow freely from source to drain .so the transistor is on.

How a

MOSFET Transistor works?

In MosFET, the Gate is insulated from p-channel or n-channel. This prevents gate current from flowing, reducing power usage.

When the Gate is positive voltage ,it allows electrons to flow from drain to source .In this case transistor is on.