Latest Computer & Technology By

Mr. shailesh h. chahande

Introduction
Since its invention in 1948, electronic computers have changed the way world works. It is undoubtedly one of the top ten greatest inventions of mankind. Today we cannot even think to live without computers. Originally designed for defence purposes during World War II, the machine called computer has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, and its uses are almost beyond comprehension itself. Present day computers are used to work, to play, to have fun, to shop, to study, to talk, to date and to generally do anything one can think about. Computers have replaced human beings in so many fields that it is easy to list those tasks where it has failed to replace humans till date.

Thankfully computers cannot replace humans in those fields where feelings, taste, experience, judgment and creativity are required. However efforts are on to add these attributes as well to computer.

First computer in India

Even though the world got introduced to the computer technology in late forties, India bought its first computer in 1956 for a princely sum of Rs 10 lakh. It was called HEC-2M and was installed at Calcutta's Indian Statistical Institute. It was nothing more than a number crunching machine and was huge in size. The dimensions of this monster were 10 ft in length, 7 ft in breadth and 6 ft in height. It played a critical role in formulating annual and five-year plans by the planning commission, and in top-secret projects of India's nuclear program. Moreover, it went on to turn out India's first generation of computer professionals. It was at least ten thousand times slower in solving even simple problems than today's machines. But it set the stage for the development of computers in India.

Supercomputers
Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modelling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion).

India's First Supercomputer

India's First Supercomputer was PARAM 8000.

PARAM stood for Parallel Machine. This computer was developed by the government run Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in 1991. The PARAM 8000 had a rating of 1 Gigaflop (billion floating point operations per second). All the chips and other elements that were used in making of PARAM were bought from the open domestic market. The major applications of PARAM Supercomputer are in long-range weather forecasting, remote sensing, drug design and molecular modelling.

Latest Technologies

The most important developments in the fields of latest computer technology include those of 3-D Processor chips, Smart Processors, Highly efficient Operating systems that replaced old Windows, 4G Technology, Robotic humans having the ability to show all natural human expressions, and many other technical advancements.

The Smart Processors are the latest type of processors in new computers technology, for example, the i5 and i7 processors, that have unique ability of automatically adapting to an individual's needs. This also helps in boosting the performance quality of daily useful applications. They provide good performance to the latest computers whenever needed and also help in energy saving whenever system is not in use.

Cloud based OS is the latest computer technology providing access to a variety of web-based applications that allow the user to accomplish simple tasks without completely booting the operating system. It boots very quickly and is highly efficient. The latest computers use this cloud technology efficiently.

Apple iOS: 4.3,

Apple OSX: 10.6 Snow Leopard, Microsoft Windows 7 and Ubuntu Linux: 11.04 are the best ones in new computers technology.

The Robots with human expressions is the latest computer technology, which will prove to be a great advancement in the field of robotics and related computer fields. The latest robot named Guardian Robot is amazing invention that can show you love in the form of hugs, hi-fives and other loving responses in a very natural way. This definitely is going to be good help to the human kind.

Introduction of 4G Technology

Evolution of Mobile Technologies

Zero Generation Technology (0G)

0G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony. Being the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are called 0G (zero generation) systems. Usually vehicle mounted, they had the transceivers mounted in the vehicle trunk and dials & display mounted near the driver seat.

Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service), and AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System).

First Generation Technology (1G)

1G refers to the first generation of wireless telecommunication technology, more popularly known as cell phones. In 1G, Narrow band analogue wireless network is used; with this we can have the voice calls. These services are provided with circuit switching. Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 150MHz and up as it is transmitted between radio towers using a technique called Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

Different 1G standards prevalent were AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia, etc.

Second Generation Technology

2G - 2G first appeared around late 1980s; 2G system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control link. It provided the facility of short message service (SMS) unlike 1G that had its prime focus on verbal communication. Depending on the type of multiplexing used 2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). 2G system offered better quality and much more capacity. 2G cellphone units were generally smaller than 1G units, since they emitted less radio power.

Based on TDMA, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is the first European standard & the first commercial network for use by the public for 2nd generation mobile (2G) telephony. A typical 2G G.S.M network service uses 800/900MHz or 1800/1900 frequency spectrum. Typical average data rate of GSM is 9.6 kbps. 2G CDMA (IS-95A) uses BPSK and offers data rate upto 14.4 kbps. The bandwidth of 2G is 30-200 KHz.

Third Generation Technology (3G)

3G - G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, and fax and Internet data transfer capabilities. The aim of 3G is to provide these services anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards. ITUs IMT-2000 is a, global standard for 3G.

3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which have evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video telephony. It offers large capacity and broadband capabilities. It has greater network capacity through improved spectrum efficiency. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle, 384 Kbps locally, and up to 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e. in a building. 3G technology uses CDMA, TDMA and FDMA. The data are sent through Packet Switching. Voice calls are interpreted through Circuit Switching. It is a highly sophisticated form of communication that has come up in the last decade.

Fourth Generation Technology (4G) 3G may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, fullmotion video, wireless teleconferencing. Multiple standards for 3G make it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks Requirement of a single broadband network with high data rates which integrates wireless LANs, Bluetooth, cellular networks, etc . 4G is all about convergence; convergence of wired and wireless networks, wireless technologies including GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth as well as computers, consumer electronics, communication technology and several others. 4G is a Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service network system

Key Components & Technologies in 4G Smart Antennas Adhoc Networks Adaptive Modulation And Coding (AMC) Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Improved Modulation Software Defined Radio (SDR) :SDR is key to 4G systems. Software Defined Radio allows
some of the functional modules of radio equipment like modulation demodulation, signal generation, coding and linklayer protocols, that used to be traditionally implemented in special purpose hardware to be implemented in modifiable software or firmware operating on programmable processing technologies. Since 4G is all about convergence of diverse wireless standards, this can be efficiently realized using SDR technology

3G Vs 4G Parameters Network Architecture Speeds 3G 4G

cell-based 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps Lower Band 2400 MHz) 5-20 MHz Circuit and Packet

Integrated technologies 100 Mbps Gbps to 1

Frequency Band

(1800- Higher bands (2-8 GHz) 100 MHz (or more) Packet MC-

Bandwidth

Switching Scheme

Access Technologies IP

W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and CDMA No. of air link protocols All IP (IP6.0)

Moving Beyond 4G

4G is not the end of all. "5G Technology" is already in research arena and is bound to up the data rate further.5G is going to alter the way of our usage of our cell phones; may replace our Desktop PCs/laptops. Coupled with innovations being done in the field of smart sensors, 5G mobile phones with extremely high data rates, IP core, and world-wide coverage will offer features which have not imagined so far. Currently 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification, however, it is being used in research papers and standardization bodies for the future wireless standards.

Thank You