Ways of Expressing Concentration

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Outline
Molarity Analytical molarity (formality) Equilibrium molarity Molality Percent concentration % (w/w) % (v/v) % (w/v)
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Molarity, M
mol solute mmol solute M= = L sol' n mL sol' n

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Analytical molarity (formality), Cx

total mol solute Cx = L sol' n

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Analytical molarity, Cx
= Formality, F

When solute dissociates or ionizes completely in H2O formality is preferred to molarity in expressing concentration. Cx describes the preparation of a solution of particular molarity.

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Examples
1.

Describe the preparation of NaOH soln with analytical concentration equal to1.00 M.

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Examples
Answer: Dissolve 1.00 mol NaOH (98.00 g NaOH) in H2O. Dilute to 1.00 L.

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Examples
2. Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous solution that contains 2.30 g of C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol) in 3.50 L.

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Examples
Answer: 0.0143 M

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Examples
3. Calculate the analytical concentration of the solute species in aqueous solutions that contains 285 mg trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL.

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Examples
Answer: 0.174 M

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Equilibrium molarity, [X]

-

molarity of a given species in a solution at equilibrium

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Example
Calculate the equilibrium molar concentration of the solute species in aqueous solutions that contains 285 mg trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL (the acid is 73% ionized).

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Example
Answer: [Cl3CCOOH] = 0.047 M [Cl3CCOO-] = 0.127 M

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Molality, m
mol solute m= kg solvent

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Percent concentration
weight of solute %(w/w) = 100% weight of solution

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Percent concentration
volume of solute %(v/v) = 100% volume of solution

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Percent concentration
weight of solute, g %(w/v) = 100% volume of solution, mL

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Examples
1. What is the molality of 87.0% (w/w) H3PO4 (98.00 g/mol) solution?

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Examples
Answer: 68.3 m

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Examples
2. What is the molarity of 37.7% (w/w) HCl (36.46 g/mol) solution? The density of the solution is 1.19 g/mL.

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Examples
Answer: 12.3 M

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Parts per thousand (ppt)

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Parts per million (ppm)

1 ppm = 1 mg/L

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Parts per billion (ppb)

1 ppb = 1 g/L

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Examples
1. There is 0.050 mg of PCB in 2 700 kg of soil. What is the concentration in ppb of PCB in the sample?

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Examples
Answer: 0.019 ppb

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Examples
2. What is the molarity of K+ in aqueous solution that contains 63.3 ppm K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol)?

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Examples
Answer: 5.77 X 10-4 M

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Solute-diluent volume ratios

solute: solvent Example: 1:4 HCl solution = 1 volume of conc. HCl + 4 volumes of H2O

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p-function
pX = -log [X]

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Example
The pAg of a solution is 9.00. Calculate the molar concentration of Ag+ in the solution.

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Example
Answer: 1.000 X 10-9 M

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Normality, N
equivalent solute N= L sol' n g solute equivalent solute = EW solute MW EW = n
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Determining n

n depends on the type of reaction: Acid-base reaction Oxidation-reduction reaction Precipitate formation and complex formation

1. 2. 3.

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Acid-base reaction
Acid: n = number of H+ a mole of the acid supplies Base: n = number of H+ a mole of the base reacts with
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Examples
1. H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4: n = 1 NaOH: n = 1

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Examples
2. H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O H3PO4: n = 2 NaOH: n = 1

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Oxidation-reduction reaction
Species: n = number of moles of electrons a mole of the species gains or loses

Half-reaction or net reaction can be used in determining n.

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Examples
1. MnO4- + C2O42- Mn2+ + CO2 KMnO4: n = 5 Na2C2O4: n = 2

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Examples
2. I2 + S2O32- I- + S4O62I2: n = 1 S2O32-: n = 1

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Precipitate and complex formation

cation: n = charge of cation anion: n = charge of cation x coefficient of cation coefficient of anion

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Examples
1. Ag+ + ClAgNO3: n = 1 KCl: n = 1 AgCl(s)

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Examples
2. Ba2+ + SO42Ba(NO3)2: n = 2 Na2SO4: n = 2 BaSO4(s)

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Examples
3. Ag+ + 2CNAgNO3: n = 1 KCN: n = 1/2 Ag(CN)2-

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Examples
4. 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2Na3PO4 + 6NaNO3 Cu(NO3)2: n = 2 Na3PO4: n = 3 Cu3(PO4)2(s)

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Relation between N and M

N = nM

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Significance of normality
Consider titration of analyte A with titrant B aA + bB cC + dD. At the endpoint, eq A = eq B. Hence, NAVA=NBVB. 7/30/12

Examples
1. Calculate g of Na2CO3 needed to prepare 5.000 L of 0.100 N Na2CO3 (105.99 g/mol) from the primary standard solid, assuming the reaction is to be used for titrations in which the reaction is CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2

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Examples
Answer: 26.50 Na2CO3

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Examples
2. A 0.2121-g sample of pure Na2C2O4 (134.00 g/mol) was titrated with 43.31 mL KMnO4. What is the normality of KMnO4 solution. The reaction is 2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 8H2O

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Examples
Answer: 0.07309 N

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Titer
- weight of pure substance (other than the solute) corresponding to 1 mL of solution Corresponding means:

will react exactly with is chemically equivalent to is contained in may be obtained from may be substituted for

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Titer
unit: mg/mL

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Relation between titer and N

Titer = Nsoln x EWpure substance

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Examples
1. 1.00 mL HCl neutralizes 4.00 mg NaOH. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O What is the NaOH titer of the HCl solution?

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Examples
Answer: Titer = 4.00 mg/mL

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Examples
2. What is the NH3(17.00 g/mol) titer of a 0.120 N solution of HCl?

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Examples
Answer: Titer = 2.04 mg/mL

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Examples
3. Calculate the normality of an HCl solution having a Na2CO3(105.99 g/mol) titer of 5.00 mg/mL.

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Examples
Answer: Titer = 0.0943 N

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Density
mass density = volume

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Specific gravity
- ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of H2O at 4C

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