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Quick Review
What is Counseling?
According to the American Counseling Association, counseling is:
The application of mental health, psychological or human development principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic interventions, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology.
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Quick Review
What is Guidance?
Guidance is a process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives, such as choosing a preferred lifestyle
(Gladding, 2000, pg. 4).
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Quick Review
What is Psychotherapy?
Traditionally focuses on serious problems associated with intrapsychic, internal, and personal issues and conflicts. It deals with the recovery of adequacy (Casey, 1996, p. 175 as
quoted in your text).
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Our Focus
While the boundaries between counseling, guidance, and psychotherapy are changing and blurring, we are going to focus our efforts on the application of counseling.
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Tony Thampi
This give form to what the formal process will look like. Many clients come to counseling with no idea what to expect. Counseling moves forward when client and counselor know the boundaries of the relationship and what is expected.
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Tony Thampi
S.O.L.E.R.
When working with a client, you want to send a message that you are listening. This can be done by being attentive both verbally (responding to the client) and nonverbally. SOLER is an acronym which serves to remind us how to listen.
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S: Face the client squarely; that is, adopt a posture that indicates involvement.
O: Adopt an open posture. Sit with both feet on the ground to begin with and with your hands folded, one over the other. L: As you face your client, lean toward him or her. Be aware of their space needs. E: Maintain eye contact. Looking away or down suggests that you are bored or ashamed of what the client is saying. Looking at the person suggests that you are interested and concerned. R: As you incorporate these skills into your attending listening skills, relax. Tony Thampi
Counseling is basically a permissive relationship; that is, the individual has permission to say what they please without being reprimanded or judged. Counseling emphasizes thinking with; not for the individual.
All decision-making rests with the client.
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Gathering Information
Types of Questions:
Openallows the client to answer the question in a free-flowing or narrative style. Used when you want more detailed and elaborate answers.
Tell me how this is working for you?
Closedthis type of question requires only a one or two word response. UsuallyYes or No.
Do you enjoy that type of work?
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Gathering Information
Types of Questions:
Probesa questions which begins with a who, what, where, how, or when.
What do you plan to do to complete your project?
Reflection of Feeling.
Similar to a re-statement, but you are concentrating more on the emotional aspect & the non-verbal communication.
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A Touchy SubjectTouching
Touching a client is very problematic in todays society. Touch appropriately is a major concern for counselors. It is a powerful way to communicate caring and empathy. It can also be easily misunderstood, misconstrued, and damaging to the counseling Tony Thampi relationship.
Lecturing Excessive Questioning Storytelling Asking Why? Asking How did that make you feel?
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Tony Thampi
Goal Guidelines
Goals are mutually agreed on by the client and counselor. Goals are specific. Goals are relevant to behavior. Goals are achievement & success oriented. Goals are quantifiable & measurable. Goals are behavioral & observable. Goals are understandable & can be restated clearly.
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Tony Thampi
Empathy
You want to build the relationship with the client through all the previously mentioned skills. Yet all these skills will be hindered without the use of empathy.
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Empathy
According to Rogers (1961)
This is the ability to enter the clients phenomenological world, to experience the clients world as if it were your own without ever losing the as if quality.
Empathy
According to Martin (1983)
Empathy is communicated understanding of the other persons intended emotional message. Every word counts in this definition. It is not enough to understand what the person said; you must also hear what they meant to say; the intended message. It is not enough to understand, even deeply; you must communicate your understanding somehow. It is absolutely essential the other person feel understoodthat your understanding is perceived.
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Advanced Empathy:
This takes the relationship one step further. You are exploring themes, issues, meanings, and emotions that are below the surface of what is being shared by the client.
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Levels of Empathy
Throughout your time with a client, you will be using different levels of empathy. As the sessions progress, empathy will deepen as you know more about your client and their story. You also use an appropriate level of empathy for the stage of counseling.
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Levels of Empathy
1. The verbal & behavioral expressions of the counselor either do not attend to or detract from the verbal & behavioral expressions of the client. 2. Although the counselor responds to the expressed feelings of the client, they do so in a way which subtracts noticeable affect (emotion) from the communications of the client. Tony Thampi
Levels of Empathy
3. The expressions of the counselor in response to the expressions of the client are essentially interchangeable.
4. The response of the counselor add noticeably to the expressions of the client in a way that expresses feelings a level deeper than the client was able to express.
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Levels of Empathy
5. The counselors responses add significantly to the feeling & meaning of the expressions of the client in a way that accurately expresses feeling levels below what the client is able to express.
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Responding Styles
Counseling is often perceived as just focusing on feelings. This is not true. While counseling helps people work through feelings; how one responds and communicates with others will effect how the counselor responds to the client.
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Responding Styles
Affective Responding.
Focusing on feelings.
Behavioral Responses.
Focusing on actions and behaviors.
Cognitive Response.
Focusing on thoughts and cognitions.
You will balance these throughout the session with a client.
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Self-Disclosure
Self-disclosure is making oneself known to another person (the client) by revealing personal information.
Counselors self-disclosure is only necessary as it relates to the therapeutic process. Too much self-disclosure hinders the counseling process, while not enough, may inhibit the client from forming a bond withThampi counselor. the Tony
Immediacy
This involves a counselors understanding and communicating of what is going on between the counselor and client within the helping relationship. There are 2 types:
Relationship immediacy. (Between client & counselor) Here & Now immediacy focuses on some particular event in the session.
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Humor
Humor can have a positive effect on the counseling process when used properly.
It must be used with sensitivity and timing. It does not demean and is supportive.
A session is not a time to try out a new joke heard at lunch. Tony Thampi
Confrontation
This is not skill at putting the client down for doing something wrong!! This is an invitation to the client to look more closely at behavior that is not working or interfering with growth, change, or healthy functioning. A Challenge
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Confrontation
Before you confront someone you want to make sure the relationship is strong and able to withstand the challenge of the confrontation. Example: You have said you want to change this behavior but it seems you keep doing it over and over again. Help me to understand what is going on and how repeating this pattern is helpful to you. Tony Thampi
Tony Thampi
Tony Thampi
Tony Thampi
Termination of a Session
There is no great secret to ending sessions. There are some guidelines:
Start and end on time. Leave 5 minutes or so for a summary of the session. Introduce the end of the session normally (Our
time is coming to a close.).
Timing of Termination
There is no one answer when termination is to take place. Questions you may wish to ask yourself concerning termination include:
Have clients achieved behavioral, cognitive, or affective goals? ? Can clients concretely show where they have made progress in what they wanted to accomplish? ? Is the counseling relationship helpful? ? Has the context of the initial counseling arrangements changed?
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Resistance to Termination
Clients & Counselors may not want counseling to end. In many cases this may be the result of feelings about the loss and grief or insecurities of losing the relationship. For clients, this is something to process. For counselors, this is an issue for supervision.
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Premature Termination
Client.
Many clients may end counseling before all goals are completed. This can be seen by not making appointments, resisting new appointments, etc It is a good idea to try and schedule a termination/review session with the client so closure may take place. At this time a referral may be in order.
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Premature Termination
Counselors.
At times, counselors have to end counseling prematurely. Whatever the reason for the termination, a summary session is in order and referrals are made, if appropriate, to another counselor.
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Referrals
At times, a counselor needs to make a referral. When this is done, specific issues need to be addressed with the client:
Reason for the referral. Note specific behaviors or actions which brought the need for a referral. Have the names of several other counselors ready for referral. You cannot follow up with the new counselor to see if the client followed through (Confidentiality issue).
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Follow-Up
At times, a follow-up may be scheduled for various reasons including evaluation, research, or checking-in with client. Follow-ups need to be scheduled so as to not take the responsibility of change away from the client.
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Questions
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