Intellectual Property Rights

Allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. The owner of IP can control and be rewarded for its use, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.

 The four main types of IP are Patents for inventionsnew and improved products and processes that are capable of industrial application Trade marks for brand identityof goods and services allowing distinctions to be made between different traders Designs for product appearanceof the whole or a part of a product resulting from the features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture or materials of the product itself or its ornamentation Copyright for materialliterary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and broadcasts, including software and multimedia.

Patent
A patent gives an inventor the right for a limited period to stop others from making, using or selling an invention without the permission of the inventor. It is a deal between an inventor and the state in which the inventor is allowed a short-term monopoly in return for allowing the invention to be made public.

 A patented invention is recorded in a patent document. A patent document must have description of the invention, possibly with drawings, with enough details for a person skilled in the area of technology to perform the invention. claims to define the scope of the protection. The description is taken into account while interpreting the claims. The original patent document of a patent application is published by a patent office.

 Patent rights are territorial A patent can be of value to an inventor

TRADEMARK
A trademark is any sign which can distinguish the goods and services of one trader from those of another. A sign includes words, logos, colours, slogans, three-dimensional shapes and sometimes sounds and gestures. A trademark is therefore a badge of trade origin. It is used as a marketing tool so that customers can recognize the product of a particular trader.

DESIGN
A design refers to the appearance of the whole or a part of a product resulting from the features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture or materials of the product or its ornamentation.

 In the United Kingdom, designs are protected by three legal rights:

Registered designs rights

gives the owner a monopoly on their product design

Unregistered design right

right to prevent deliberate copying, and lasts until 10 years after first marketing articles made to the design, subject to an overall limit of 15 years from creation of the design. Unlike design registration, you do not have to apply to register design right. A design right is a property that, like any other business commodity, may be bought, sold or licensed.

Artistic copyright
literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works will not be original if there has not been sufficient skill and labour expended in their creation.

IMPLICATIONS OF IPRs AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Social Implications Economic Implications Ecological implications

Social Implications
This seed-fertiliser technology was predominantly applicable in the areas with assured irrigation Certain technologies like HYVs and hybrids require intensive input use and therefore have a mixed impact on the society.

Economic Implications
Newer techniques invariably shift production functions thereby improving income of individuals and that of the nation. Research in the public domain will concentrate in costreducing technologies that are helpful to the weaker sections.

Ecological implications
Increased use of agrochemicals will accelerate environmental degradation ( ). Though biotechnological innovations minimise the use of agrochemicals to some extent (+ ), they are feared for their contribution to gene pollution ( ? ?).

 Increasingly, the use of antibiotics, hormones, unconventional feeds and genetic engineering in livestock and fisheries have raised questions about health hazards and animal biodiversity ( ). Destruction of soil structure and groundwater depletion are serious ecological risks associated with the excessive use of technologies associated with farm machinery and power. Technological advancements in the conservation of soil, water and genetic resources have profound positive impacts on the ecology (+++)