as we studied in the last chapter

trigonometry literally means

measurement of triangles
So in the present lecture we will develop
formulas using which we can find the
unknown sides and angles of a triangle

In all the following formulas and concepts in the present
lecture, the understated denotions will be followed
' ' a is it to opposite side the
and A is BAC Z Z
' ' b is it to opposite side the
and B is ABC Z Z
' ' c is it to opposite side the
and C is ACB Z Z

The concept of symmetry will be
very useful in our present
discussion by using which we can
generalize a formula derived for a
certain side or angle of a triangle to
all the three sides or angles of the
same triangle
R PC 2 = ) ( 90 circle semi in PBC
o
Z = Z
) ( seg same the in s BAC BPC Z Z = Z
PC
BC
BPC= Z sin
R
a
BAC
2
sin = Z
R
A
a
2
sin
=
finally we will obtain what is known as the sine formula
R
C
c
B
b
A
a
2
sin sin sin
= = =
C ab b a c cos 2
2 2 2
+ =
B ac c a b cos 2
2 2 2
+ =
A bc c b a cos 2
2 2 2
+ =
It is derived using the pythagoras theorem and
has 3 symmetrical forms
B c C b a cos cos + =
y x a + =
b y C and
c x B now
/ cos
/ cos
=
=
B c C b a
f ormula the get we so
cos cos + =
A c C a b cos cos + =
B a A b c cos cos + =
bc
c s b s A ) )( (
2
sin

=
Here s is the
semi-perimeter
bc
a c b
A
2
cos
2 2 2
+
=
bc
a c b A
or
2 2
sin 2 1
2 2 2
2
+
=
bc
b c a c b a
bc
a c b bc A
or
2
) )( (
2
) ( 2
2
sin 2
2 2 2
2
+ +
=
+
=
we start with the cosine formula
ALL THE OTHER FORMULAS FOLLOW FROM SYMMETRY
bc
a s s A ) (
2
cos

=
) (
) )( (
2
tan
a s s
c s b s A

=
bc
b s c s
2
) 2 2 )( 2 2 (
=
bc
c s b s A ) )( (
2
sin

=
2
cot
2
tan
A
c b
c b C B
+

=
|
.
|

\
|

2
cot
2
tan
B
a c
a c A C
+

=
|
.
|

\
|

2
cot
2
tan
C
b a
b a B A
+

=
|
.
|

\
|

) ).( .(
2
1
altitude base = A
Using this we can derive A bcsin
2
1
= A
B acsin
2
1
= C absin
2
1
=
Which again by symmetry is :
and
A bcsin
2
1
= A
2
cos
2
sin 2 sin
A A
A=
Now we use the half angle formulas which we previously derived
bc
c s b s A ) )( (
2
sin

=
bc
a s s A ) (
2
cos

=
So we get :
bc
c s b s a s s
bc
a s s
bc
c s b s
A
) )( )( (
2
) (
.
) )( (
2 sin

=

=
) )( )( ( c s b s a s s = A
and finally we have the heros formula as :
rs
R
abc
also = = A
4
WHERE R IS THE CIRCUMRADIUS
AND r IS THE INRADIUS
A
+ +
= + +
4
cot cot cot
2 2 2
c b a
C B A PROVE THAT :
By looking at the RHS we can say that using the cosine
formula will be beneficial as it will give us squares of sides
A
A
LHS
sin
cos
=
Using sine formula and cosine formula
R
a
bc
a c b
2
2
) (
2 2 2
+
=
R
abc
c b a
2 2 2
+ +
=
bc
R
a
c b a
2
1
.
2
. 4
2 2 2
+ +
=
A bc
c b a
sin
2
1
. 4
2 2 2
+ +
=
A
+ +
=
4
2 2 2
c b a
= RHS, thus proved
ANOTHER ONE !!