Do you still remember the function of cerebellum in your brain???

Function: coordinating centre for body movement What will happen if our cerebellum is damage???

Progressive cerebellar atrophy, also known as cerebellar abiotrophy (CA), is an untreatable degenerative disease in which the cerebellum-the part of the brain that effects movement-slowly dies

THE NEURONES
Neurone = Nerve cell The nervous system is made up of millions neurones There are 3 types of neurones : - Afferent neurone (sensory) - Interneurone - Efferent neurone (motor)

DENDRITES - Fibres that receive information or signals from receptors or from other neurones and conduct them to cell body CELL BODY - Has a nucleus and other organelles which are found in cells - The cell body integrate the signals and coordinates the metabolic activities

AXON - A long, thin fibre that extends outward from the cell body - The axon conduct the nerve impulses away from the cell body AXON TERMINAL - The synaptic terminals are swelling at the branches ends of the axon - The synaptic terminal transmit the signals to the muscle cells, gland cells or thedendrites of other neurones

MYELIN SHEATH - Axon are insulated by a thick coat of material that called myelin sheath - This sheath protects and insulates the axon - Also help to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses NODE OF RANVIER - The part of axon that are not insulated by the myelin sheath - As nerve impulse travels along the axon, it jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next - This speed the transmission of nerve impulses

AFFERENT/SENSORY NEURONE

 Function : Carry sensory information from receptor cells to the brain and spinal cord Cell body at the centre Dendrites of afferent neurones have special membrane adaptation that allow them to produce signals in response to specific stimuli from external environment

INTERNEURONE

 Transmit nerve impulses between the various part of the brain and spinal cord Transmit nerve impulse between afferent neurones and efferent neurones

EFFERENT/MOTOR NEURONE

 Carry information from the brain or spinal cord to the effector such as muscles or gland cells

Afferent Neurone

Inter neurone

Efferent Neurone

SPINAL CORD

 Spinal cord is contained within the veterbral column Spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which act as a shock absorber and provide nutrients to the spinal cord

 Consist of white matter and grey matter In cross section, the grey matter looks like a butterfly or letter H The grey matter consist mainly of cell bodies of neurones The grey matter surrounds by white matter The white matter comprises myelin-coatedaxons of neurones that extend the whole length of spinal cord

 The cell bodies of the afferent neurones are clustered in the dorsal root ganglion The ventral root contains the axon of efferent neurones that conduct the nerve impulses away from the spinal cord to the effectors The spinal cord contain neurones that convey signals to and from the brain

THE TRANSMISSION PATHWAY OF INFORMATION

(REFER HANDOUT)

THE TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION ACROSS SYNAPSES

Afferent neurone, interneurone and afferent neurone are not continuously interconnected to each other There is a cleft between the terminal axon of one neurone and the dendrite of other neurone SYNAPSE = site where 2 neurones or a neurone and effector cell communicate

 A nerve impulses is conducted along the axon until it reaches the synaptic terminals. Synaptic cleft : - separate the synaptic terminal from the dendrites of a receiving neurone, a muscle cell or a gland cell - the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

1) When an electrical impulse reaches the presynaptic membrane, it triggers the synaptic vessicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft 2) The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors at postsynaptic membrane

3) The binding of neurotransmitter at the receptors leads to generation of a new electrical signals
The synaptic terminal contain abundant mitochondria to generate energy for the transmission

 The transmission of information across a synapse: - involve the conversion of electrical signals to chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitter - the reconversion of the chemical signal into electrical signal at the postsynaptic membrane Some examples of neurotransmitter: acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine