Definition of Hydrograph Components of Hydrograph Effluent and Influent Streams Separation of Surface and Groundwater Runoff Estimating the

Concentration Time of a Catchment Valley Storage Example

HYDROGRAPH
Hydrograph is a graph showing variations of discharge with time, at a particular point of a stream. It shows the time distribution of total run-off at the point of measurement.

Components or Parts of Storm Hydrograph

Single Peaked Hydrograph Resulting from an Isolated Storm

Effluent and Influent Streams

Rain water (Excluding Basin Recharge) may follow three paths to a stream: (1) Overland flow (surface run-off) (2) Interflow (influent stream) (3) Ground water flow (effluent stream) Overland flow + Interflow = Direct Runoff Low water flow of streams is derived from groundwater Low flow in stream Before storm Flow from groundwater to the stream High flow in stream After storm Flow from the stream to the groundwater Flood level in the stream recedes Groundwater again starts contributing to the stream

How to Separate Direct Runoff and Groundwater Runoff? 1.Extend the recession of the flow existing prior to the storm to a point under the peak (or crest) of the hydrograph (line AB). 2.Select a point C on the recession limb of the hydrograph N days after the peak. Join point B and C. A rough selection of N (in days) is given by N = 0.84 A0..2 (A = Drainage Area in sq. km.) N = A10.2 (A1 = Drainage Area in sq. miles) ABC Groundwater Divide Line Area ABCDA Volume of Direct Runoff At any time instant t, ab Ground water storage or base flow bd Surface runoff + Influent stream

Valley Storage
Water which is temporarily stored within the channel of the basin is called Channel storage or valley storage. Pre-requisite for Valley storage: Increase in Rate of overland flow => Rate of channel flow => Depth of flow Equilibrium Condition will occur only when a sufficient amount of rain has occurred to supply this valley storage.