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Brief Review
OXIDATIONloss of electron(s) by a species; increase in oxidation number; increase in oxygen. REDUCTIONgain of electron(s); decrease in oxidation number; decrease in oxygen; increase in hydrogen. OXIDIZING AGENTelectron acceptor; species is reduced. REDUCING AGENTelectron donor; species is oxidized.
Results in the generation of an electric current (electricity) or be caused by imposing an electric current.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
Direct Redox Reaction Oxidizing and reducing agents in direct contact. Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) ---> Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
Indirect Redox Reaction
A battery functions by transferring electrons through an external wire from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent.
With time, Cu plates out onto Mg metal strip, and Mg strip disappears.
Cu2+ ions
Mg
is oxidized and is the reducing agent Mg(s) ---> Mg2+(aq) + 2eis reduced and is the oxidizing agent Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s)
Cu2+
e le c t r o n s
Mg
salt bridge
Cu
Mg 2+ ions
Cu
2+
ions
Anode
Cathode
obtain a useful current, we separate the oxidizing and reducing agents so that electron transfer occurs thru an external wire.
wire
e le c t r o n s
Mg
salt bridge
Cu
Mg2+ ions
Cu2+ ions
This is accomplished in a GALVANIC or VOLTAIC cell. A group of such cells is called a battery.
wire
e lect rons
Mg
salt bridge
Cu
<--Anions Cations-->
Mg ions
2+
Cu2+ ions
Electrons travel thru external wire. Salt bridge allows anions and cations to move between electrode compartments.
CELL POTENTIAL, (E )
0
Mg
wire
elect rons
salt bridge
Cu
Cu2+ ions
Mg2+ ions
This is the STANDARD CELL POTENTIAL, Eo E0 a quantitative measure of the tendency of reactants to proceed to products when all are in their standard states at 25 C.
If E0 is positive the reaction is spontaneous on the otherwise the reaction is non- spontaneous.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s) Mg(s) ---> Mg2+(aq) + 2e-------------------------------------------Cu2+(aq) + Mg(s) ---> Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Note that this is the reduction potential. In the reaction, Mg underwent oxidation such that the sign of the E0 from -2.73.
e le c t r o n s
Mg
2+ Mg ions
salt bridge
Cu
Cu2+ ions
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s) Eo = +0.34 V Mg(s) ---> Mg2+(aq) + 2eEo = - 2.37 V --------------------------------------------------------------Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) Eo = +2.71 V
+-
KIaq K+1 + I -1
electrolysis
There are three possible species: K+1 + e- K (s) I2 + 2e- 2IH2O + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH Add: Phenolphthalein base indicator (pink) Starch - test for iodine (blue violet)
KI (aq)
There are three possible species: K+1 + e- K (s) I2 + 2e- 2IH2O + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH -
Eo = -2.925
= + 0.535 = - 0.828
Eo = - 0.828 E0 = + 0.535
e+Anode Cathode
K+ I-
From the table, you see Fe is a better reducing agent than Cd Cd2+ is a better oxidizing agent than Fe2+