OPERATING SYSTEMS

-Sonia Bhagwat (F.Y.M.C.A.)

CONTENTS
Introduction

1.What is OS? 2.Features of OS 3.Structure of OS

WHAT IS OS?
Its a set of software programs for the effective and easy use of the machine. A set of system programs which can control and automate hardware as well as software activity. Combination of system software and firmware. An operating system is a program which helps to execute users program effectively on a computer system. Operating system acts like an mediator between user of a computer and computer hardware.

FEATURES OF OS
An operating system performs basic tasks such as
controlling and allocating memory prioritizing system requests controlling input and output devices facilitating networking managing file systems

OS in context of Software and Application

Application Programs System and Utility Programs Operating System HARDWARE

This structure consists of 4 layers: 1. Hardware Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc,
2.

Operating System It includes programs like process management routines, memory management routines, I/O control routines, file management routines.

3.

System and Utility programs This layer consists of compilers, assemblers, linkers, decompression utilities etc. Application programs This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway reservation system, Bank database management etc.,

4.

OPERATIONAL VIEW:
Lets briefly look at the underlying principle of operation of a computer system. Current systems are based on The Von-Neumann principle. The principle states that a program is initially stored in memory and executed by fetching an instruction at a time. The basic cycle of operation is 1.Fetch an instruction (Fetch) 2.Interpret the instruction (Decode) 3.Execute the instruction (Execute) Modern systems allow multiple users to use a computer system. Even on a stand alone PC, there may be multiple actions running simultaneously

For instance, we have a mail program receiving mails and a clock to display time while we may be engaged in browsing a word process. In other words, OS needs to schedule the processor amongst all the application simultaneously without giving an impression that the processor time is being divided and scheduled as per an application.

NEED FOR AN OS

Processor management - Scheduling Fairness Non-blocking behavior Priorities Memory management Virtual Vs Physical memory Protection of competing/conurrent programs Storage management File system Access to external storage media Device management Hiding of hardware dependencies Management of concurrent accesses Batch Processing Definition of an execution order; throughput maximization

STRUCTURING OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Monolithical Systems: 1. Unstructured

App

App
User Mode Kernel Mode

System services

2. Supervisor call changes from user mode into kernel mode

OS procedures

Hardware
12

LAYERED OS

Each layer is given access only to lower-level interfaces

Application Program

Application Program

Application Program

User Mode Kernel Mode

System Services File System

Memory and I/O Device Management

Processor Scheduling

Hardware

13

MICROKERNEL OS (CLIENT/SERVER OS)

Client App Process Server Memory Server File Server Network Server Display Server
User Mode
Kernel Mode

Kernel implements: Scheduling Memory Management Interprocess communication (IPC) User-mode servers

request

Microkernel
reply

Hardware

14