Lecture 15 BIOL L100 Indiana University Southeast David Partin, Instructor

Todays Plan:

Announcements/Questions Lecture 15: Physiology overview (immunity, digestion, urination, support & locomotion) One Minute paper Lab: Dissection!

Layout of the Lymphatic System

Path of lymph? Where are lymphocytes made? What are lymph nodes?

Part I
Chapter 35: Immune System

Tissues of the Immune System

The Immune Response

1 2

3 5 4

B lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow and mature in lymph nodes.

Definitions: antigen vs antibody

T lymphocytes are made and mature in the thymus.

T cells puncture target cells, causing damage to their cell membranes and eventually death of the target cell.

ABO blood antigens: your plasma contains no antibodies against the antigens found on your blood cells.

Rh + or - ??

Example of the immune system gone wrong

The same principle applies to rejected organ transplants and blood transfusions.

Moms immune system recognizes that these cells are not like hers, so the babys blood cells are attacked.

Part II
Chapter 36: Digestive System

Digestive System

peristalsis

Breathing or swallowing, but not at the same time... Digestion begins in the mouth: amylase breaks down starch (carbohydrates).

Stomach
made up of gastric glands coated with mucus produces acid (kills most bacteria) Enzymes break down protein

Small intestine

About 10-12 ft long

Intestinal wall is covered in villi

Villi are specialized for absorption (tennis court) When chyme reaches small intestine, protein and carbohydrate digestion are incomplete and fat digestion hasnt begun yet. Digestive juices from liver (via gall bladder) and pancreas help to continue digestion.

Large intestine

Nutrients enter the bloodstream

Other organs of the digestive system

Liver

Bile production assists in fat, carbohydrate and protein digestion Monitors blood immediately after digestion
Holds livers bile and releases into the duodenum Secretes juices into duodenum that assist in digesting fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

Gall bladder

Pancreas

Need a break?

Thanks for your attention! Take 10 minutes.

Whats next?

Urinary system Locomotion & Support

Part III
Chapter 38: Urinary System

Urinary system
Very important for the maintenance of homeostasis
1- Fluid regulation (hydration & blood pressure) 2- rids body of waste

Kidney structure

Bowmans capsuleGlomerulus-

Kidney structure

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of blood pressure regulation

Part IV
Chapter 41: Musculoskeletal System

The Human Skeletal System

The skeleton supports and protects the body. The skeleton also allows for flexible movements. Bones serve as storage units for calcium and phosphate. Blood cells are produced in some bones.

Calcium & phosphate are stored in a solid form (bone) by osteocytes.

When low levels of free calcium or phosphate are detected in the blood, osteoclasts break down bone and release these minerals into the bloodstream.

Important cells in bone formation: -osteoblasts: immature cells. -osteocytes: mature boneproducing cells. -osteoclasts: mature bonedegrading cells.

The Human Muscular System

There are 3 main types of muscle cells: Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Muscle cell = muscle fiber = myoctye

Myofibril = bundle of contractile proteins

Step 1- An action potential causes the motor neuron to dump its synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Step 2- Neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles bind to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, opening Na+ channels.

Step 3- The charge inside the muscle cell changes because of all the Na+ rushing in. SR releases stored Ca+ which helps actin & myosin to form cross bridges. Step 4- K+ rushes out of the muscle cell to help bring the charge back to normal. SR stops releasing Ca+ because charge is normal again.

Need a break?

Thanks for your attention! Take 10 minutes.

Whats next?

1-minute paper Lab

Preparation for Lecture 16

Read Ch 39 (starting with human nervous system on page 699) Ch. 40: pages 720-21, 723-26, 728-30