Meiosis

Sexual Reproduction
 Chromosomes are duplicated in germ
cells
 Germ cells undergo meiosis and
cytoplasmic division
 Cellular
descendents of germ cells
become gametes
 Gametes meet at fertilization
 Asexual Reproduction

 Single parent produces offspring

 All
offspring are genetically identical
to one another and to parent
 Sexual Reproduction
 Involves

– Meiosis
– Gamete production
– Fertilization
 Produces genetic variation among
offspring
 Question 1
1.Asexual reproduction involves
__?__
(mitosis/meiosis).
 Answer 1
 Asexual reproduction involves
mitosis.
(mitosis/meiosis).
 Question 2
2. Sexual reproduction involves three
(3) processes, identify them.
 Answer 2
2. Sexual reproduction involves three
(3) processes, identify them.
– Meiosis
– Gamete production
– Fertilization
 Question 3
 3.
What is the major disadvantage to
asexual reproduction?
 Answer 3
 3.
What is the major disadvantage to
asexual reproduction?

 All
of the offspring are
genetically identical thus
vulnerable to environmental
changes.
 Question 4
4. Identify the major advantage to
sexual reproduction.
 Answer 4
4. Identify the major advantage to
sexual reproduction.

Genetic variation in the offspring

 Fertilization

http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/page4.html
 Homologous Chromosomes
Carry Different Alleles
 Cell has two of each chromosome
 One chromosome in each pair from
mother, other from father
 Paternal and maternal chromosomes
carry different alleles
 Sister Chromatids
Prior to “S” of interphase, each
chromosome consists of a single
“chromatid”.
A pair of sister chromatids

http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/eng/virtuallessons/cellcycle/chromosome/
 Sexual Reproduction
Shuffles Alleles

 Through sexual reproduction,

offspring inherit new combinations of
alleles, which leads to variations in
traits

 Thisvariation in traits is the basis for

evolutionary change
 Variation in Offspring

http://www.seapix.com/jagphoto/ladybugs.htm
 Gamete Formation
 Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs)
 Arise from germ cells

ovaries

anther
testes ovary

Figure 10.2a
Page 164
 Chromosome Number

 Sum total of chromosomes in a cell

 Germ cells are diploid (2n)

 Gametes are haploid (n)

 Meiosis halves chromosome number

 Question 5
5. Contrast diploid and haploid states.
 Answer 5
 5.Contrast diploid and haploid
states.

 Diploid:having two sets of

chromosomes (somatic cells)
 Haploid: having only one set of
chromosomes (gametes)
 Question 6
 6. What is basis for evolution?
 Answer 6
 6. What is basis for evolution?
 Through sexual reproduction,
offspring inherit new
combinations of alleles, which
leads to variations in traits

.These variations are the fodder

of evolution.
 Meiosis: Two Divisions
 Two consecutive nuclear divisions
– Meiosis I
– Meiosis II
 DNA is not duplicated between
divisions
 Four haploid nuclei form
 Meiosis I

Each homologue in the

cell pairs with its partner,

then the partners

separate

In-text figure
Page 165
 Meiosis II
 Thetwo sister chromatids of each
duplicated chromosome are
separated from each other

two chromosomes
(unduplicated)

one chromosome
(duplicated)

In-text figure
Page 165
 Question 7
 7.
What is the main event during
meiosis I?
 Answer 7
 7.
What is the main event during
meiosis I?

 Thereduction in the number of

chromosomes (2n  n)
 Question 8
8. What separate during meiosis II?
 Answer 8
8. What separate during meiosis II?

Sister chromatids (chromosomal

copies)
 Meiosis I - Stages

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

Figure 10.4
Page 167
 Prophase I

 Each duplicated
chromosome pairs
with homologue
 Homologues swap
segments
 Each chromosome
becomes attached to
spindle

Figure 10.4 Page 167

 Metaphase I
 Chromosomes
are pushed and
pulled into the
middle of cell
 The spindle is
fully formed

Figure 10.4 Page 167

 Anaphase I
 Homologous

chromosomes
segregate
 The sister
chromatids
remain attached

Figure 10.4 Page 167

 Telophase I
 The

chromosomes
arrive at
opposite poles
 Usually followed
by cytoplasmic
division
Figure 10.4 Page 167
 Prophase II
 Microtubules
attach to the
kinetochores of
the duplicated
chromosomes

Figure 10.4
Page 167
 Metaphase II

 Duplicated
chromosomes
line up at the
spindle equator,
midway
between the
poles

Figure 10.4
Page 167
 Anaphase II
 Sister chromatids
separate to
become
independent
chromosomes

Figure 10.4
Page 167
 Telophase II
 The
chromosomes
arrive at
opposite ends of
the cell
 A nuclear
envelope forms
around each set
of chromosomes
 Four haploid cells Figure 10.4
Page 167
 Crossing Over

•Each chromosome
becomes zippered to its
homologue
•All four chromatids are
closely aligned
•Nonsister chromosomes
exchange segments
Figure 10.5
Page 168
 Effect of Crossing Over
 After crossing over, each
chromosome contains both maternal
and paternal segments
 Creates new allele combinations in
offspring
 Question 9
 9.
Describe crossing over? When
does it occur?
 Answer 9
 9. Describe crossing over? When
does it occur?
 Each chromosome becomes
zippered to its homologue
 All four chromatids are closely
aligned
 Nonsister chromosomes
exchange segments
 During prophase I
 Random Alignment
 During transition between prophase I
and metaphase I, microtubules from
spindle poles attach to kinetochores
of chromosomes

 Initial
contacts between microtubules
and chromosomes are random
 Random Alignment
 Either
the maternal or paternal
member of a homologous pair can
end up at either pole

 Thechromosomes in a gamete are a

mix of chromosomes from the two
parents
 Possible Chromosome
Combinations

As a result of random alignment, the

number of possible combinations of
chromosomes in a gamete is:

2n

(n is number of chromosome types)

 Possible 1 2 3

Chromosome
Combinations or

or

or

Figure 10.6
Page 169
 Plant Life Cycle

mitosis multicelled
sporophyte
zygote

Diploid
fertilization meiosis
Haploid

gametes spores

multicelled mitosis
gametophytes Figure 10.7
Page 170
 Animal Life Cycle

mitosis multicelled
body
zygote

Diploid
fertilization meiosis
Haploid

gametes
Figure 10.7
Page 170
 three polar
first polar bodies
Oogenesis body
(haploid)
(haploid)

oogonium primary oocyte

(diploid) (diploid)

secondary
oocyte
(haploid) ovum
(haploid)
Meiosis I, Meiosis II,
Growth
Cytoplasmic Division Cytoplasmic Division

Figure 10.8
Page 171
spermato- primary secondary sperm (mature,
gonium spermatocyte spermatocytes spermatids haploid male
(diploid ) (diploid) (haploid) (haploid) gametes)

Spermatogenesis

Growth Meiosis I, Meiosis II,

Cytoplasmic Division Cytoplasmic
Division cell differentiation,
sperm formation

Figure 10.9
Page 171
 Fertilization
 Male and female gametes unite and
nuclei fuse
 Fusion of two haploid nuclei produces
diploid nucleus in the zygote
 Which two gametes unite is random
– Adds to variation among offspring
Fertilization Restores Diploid State

Sperm, haploid

Ova, haploid

Zygote, diploid
Factors Contributing to Variation
among Offspring
 Crossing over during prophase I
 Random alignment of
chromosomes at metaphase I
 Random combination of gametes
at fertilization
 Mitosis & Meiosis Compared
Mitosis Meiosis
 Functions  Function
– Asexual – Sexual reproduction
reproduction
– Growth, repair  Occurs in germ
 Occurs in somatic cells
cells
 Produces clones
 Produces variable
offspring
 Prophase vs. Prophase I
 Prophase (Mitosis)
– Homologous pairs do not interact with
each other
 Prophase I (Meiosis)
– Homologous pairs become zippered
together and crossing over occurs
 Anaphase, Anaphase I, and
Anaphase II
 Anaphase I (Meiosis)
– Homologous chromosomes separate
from each other
 Anaphase/Anaphase II
(Mitosis/Meiosis)
– Sister chromatids of a chromosome
separate from each other
 Results of Mitosis and Meiosis
 Mitosis

– Two diploid cells produced

– Each identical to parent
 Meiosis

– Four haploid cells produced

– Differ from parent and one another
 Question 10
10. There are three sexual
reproductive factors that contribute
to variation within offspring. What
are they?
 Answer 10
10. There are three sexual reproductive factors that
contribute to variation within offspring. What are
they?
 1. Crossing over during prophase I
 2. Random alignment of chromosomes at
metaphase I
 3. Random combination of gametes at
fertilization
 So if Sexual Reproduction is
Advantageous,
 How do you explain the all female
species of the Whip-tailed lizard, the
parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus
uniparens ?
 (That’s correct, this is a unisex
species that undergoes “virgin
birth”!)
 Most products of crossbreeding,
such as the mule, are sterile…
 “New Mexico Whiptail, is an all-
female species that is actually a
mixture (hybrid) of … the Western
Whiptail, which lives in the desert,
and the Little Striped Whiptail, a
denizen of grasslands.”

http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Unisexual_Whiptail_Lizards/lizards.html?50
 New Mexico Whiptail is Triploid
These lizards have 3 sets of chromosomes
(3n) = 69
Studies have shown that just prior to
meiosis I, this number is doubled to 138.
The primary oocytes then go through what
appears to be a normal meiosis I an II
thus maintaining 3n = 69. Then the ova
matures and begins mitosis and produces
all female embryos.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109918083/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
 How does this species remain
vigorous without the normal genetic
variants?
Source of Additional Information
 Wikipedia (free online encyclopedia)

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis

 This
site goes a little beyond the
scope of this lecture. You are
responsible for mastering the
material in this lecture only.