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Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move

heat from a low temperature region to a high temperature

region Conventional process * Gas compression/expansion refrigeration * Refrigerant: CFC-compounds

Environmental concerns
Ozone layer Depletion Global Warming Slow improvement of efficiency

Current system efficiency is 5-10% of Carnot cycle

 Basic principle of magnetic refrigeration Defined as the response of a solid to an applied magnetic

field which is apparent as a change in its temperature

Intrinsic property of the solid

S = Sm + S l + Se
For an adiabatic process, S(entropy) is a constant. H causes change in Sm only. So, +H Sm i.e Sl & Se . Thus T -H Sm i.e Sl & Se . Thus T
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Curie temperature: Phase transition temperature MCE is the largest around the Curie temperature of the material.

Steps involved:
Adiabatic magnetization

Isomagnetic enthalpic transfer

Adiabatic demagnetization Isomagnetic entropic transfer
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Refrigerant is placed in an insulated environment. H causes the magnetic dipoles of the atoms to align, thereby decreasing Sm.

Overall energy is not lost (yet) and therefore S remains constant

Result :Refrigerant heats up to T+T

The added heat can then be removed (-Q) by a proper coolant.

The magnetic field is held constant to prevent the dipoles from reabsorbing the heat. Result: Refrigerant cools back to T

The substance is again insulated so the S remains constant.

H is removed; the thermal energy causes the magnetic moments to return back to their random state, and thus the sample cools. Result: Refrigerant cools to T-T

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The magnetic field conditions are held constant to prevent the refrigerant from heating back up.
The refrigerant is placed in thermal contact with the space to be refrigerated (system). As the refrigerant is cooler than the system, heat energy migrates into the refrigerant. Result: The system is cooled i.e. refrigerated

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Requirements of a good magnetic refrigerant:

modest Curie temperature in the vicinity of working temperature modest Debye temperature large thermal conductivity

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Rare-earth metal
Belongs to the group of lanthanides Curie temperature of 294 K 7 unpaired electrons in an intermediate shell; thus strong magnetic moment

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Promising categories : Gadolinium-silicon-germanium compounds Manganites

Lanthanum-iron based compounds

Manganese-antimony arsenide Iron-manganese-arsenic phosphides

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MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION

CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERATION

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Large MCE of magnetic material is required * Narrow temperature region * Impurities & structural imperfections

Strong magnetic eld is required * Superconductors very expensive * Electromagnets needs greater electric power * Permanent magnets Max.field strength of 1.5T

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Hydrogen liquefaction Air conditioning Cooling in food industry and storage In medical field

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Magnetic refrigeration is undoubtedly a promising technology that should be encouraged because of its numerous advantages, in particular energy saving and environmental benefits
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[1] B.F. Yu, Q. Gao, B. Zhang, X.Z. Meng, Z. Chen, Review on research of room temperature magnetic Refrigeration, International Journal of Refrigeration vol-26, pp 622636,April 2003 [2] Andrew Rowe, Armando Tura, John Dikeos and R. Chahine, Near room temperature magnetic refrigeration, Proceedings of the International Green Energy Conference , Paper No. 084 , June 2005 [3] Engin GEDK, Muhammet KAYFEC, Ali KEEBA, Hseyin KURT, Magnetic refrigeration technology applications on near-room temperature, 5th International Advanced Technologies Symposium, May 13-15, 2009 [4] Koji Kamiya, Takenori Numazawa, Takaaki Koen, Takahiro Okano, Koichi Matsumoto, and Sigeki Nimori, Thermal Property of Magnetic Materials for Hydrogen Magnetic Refrigeration and Effect of Magnetic Field on Them, IEEE Transactions on applied superconductivity, VOL. 14, NO. 2, JUNE 2004

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