A Report by: Keanu Carig Mark Lenard Taysa Jhaneth Fassong Renz Arielle Pangilinan BSHRM HAA1

Domed, transparent, glassy portion of the eye. Serves as a protective covering over the front part of the eye. Bends the light inwards.

CORNEA

A circular muscle that controls the amount of light entering the eye.

IRIS

The colored portion of the eye.

PUPIL

Hole in the Iris Changes in diameter depending on the amount of light entering the eye from the aqueous humor to the lens.

LENS

An elastic and transparent disk of tissue that changes shape for near or far vision. Focuses light onto the retina.

*Aqueous Humor-The fluid found at the anterior portion of the eye. *Vitreous Humor-The fluid fillingup the interior of the eye. Responsible for maintaining the eyeballs spherical shape.

SCLERA/SCLEROTIC COAT

OPTIC DISK

Tough white protective outer sheath of the eyeball.

Corresponds to the blind spot. Point at which nerve fibers leave the eye: contains no light sensitive cells .

Blood-rich layer that supplies the Retina and Sclera.

CHOROID COAT

Conveys nerve signals to the brain.

OPTIC NERVE

FOVEA

Region of Retina with dense concentration of cone cells enabling precise vision.

Converts light energy into neural signals. The innermost coat of the eye that contains about 6 million cone cells and about 100 million rod cells.

RETINA

ROD CELLS

Cylindrical in shape and respond to low levels of light. do not differentiate colors. Night & peripheral vision

CONE CELLS

Conical in shape Need brighter conditions to function

Distinguish colors and finer details.

Day & color vision

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

The smallest amount of light that will stimulate the receptor

DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD

The smallest increase in light that will allow us to say that one light is brighter than the other.

MYOPIA

(NEARSIGHTED NESS)

WHAT: Distant objects appear blurred but near objects are seen clearly. CAUSES: The eyeball is too long which causes light rays to focus at a point in front of the retina, rather than directly on its surface.
The

cornea and/or lens being too curved for the length of the eyeball.
Hereditary

TREATMENT: GLASSES CONTACT LENSES REFRACTIVE SURGERY

PRESBYOPIA
WHAT: Blurred near vision.
Need

to hold reading materials at arm's length in order to focus properly.

When

they perform near work, such as embroidery or handwriting, they may develop headaches, eye strain or feel fatigued. CAUSES: OLD AGE
Gradual

thickening and loss of flexibility of the natural lens inside your eye. TREATMENT: Eyeglasses with bifocal or progressive addition lenses (PALs) Reading Glasses Contact Lenses: Presbyopes , Monovision Surgery

HYPEROPIA
(FARSIGHTEDNESS)

WHAT: difficulty with near vision but far objects can be seen easily. CAUSES: Too short eye ball Weak refractive power of the lens The image is focused behind the retina rather than upon it. TREATMENT: EYE GLASSES CONTACT LENSES

ASTIGMATISM
WHAT:
Causes vision to be blurred or distorted to some degree at all distances.

CAUSES:
Irregularly shaped cornea Injuries Lack of curvature of the refracting surfaces.

TREATMENT:
(Depending on what type of astigmatism)
Eye glasses Contact Lenses Refractive Surgery

GLAUCOMA
WHAT: Blindness in one or both eyes Occurs during 40 years and up of age. CAUSES: Hereditary Increase in eye pressure caused by the fluids in the eye cause nerve damage.

TREATMENT:
Laser Surgery Eye drop medication.

STRABISMUS
(CROSS-EYE)
(esotropia, "crossed eyes" or "cross-eyed"), outward (exotropia or "wall-eyed"), upward (hypertropia) or downward (hypotropia)

WHAT:

visible misalignment of the eyes, with one eye turning in, out, up, down or at an oblique angle.

CAUSES:

occurs when there are neurological or anatomical problems that interfere with the control and function of the extra ocular muscles. Hereditary Excessive focusing effort

TREATMENT:
Surgery Vision

Therapy

NYCTALOPIA(
NIGHT BLINDNESS)
WHAT:
inability to see well at night or in poor light. symptom of an underlying disorder or problem, especially untreated myopia (nearsightedness). CAUSES: Myopia Glaucoma medications that work by constricting the pupil Cataracts Retinitis pigmentosa Vitamin A deficiency TREATMENT: (DEPENDS ON THE CAUSE)
Change in medications Surgery Eye Glasses

COLOR BLINDNESS
WHAT:
trouble seeing red, green, or blue or a mix of these colors

CAUSE:
Hereditary Aging. Eye

problems, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, cataracts, or diabetic retinopathy.

Injury Side

to the eye.

effects of some medicines. TREATMENT:

The average persons blink their eyes about 11,500 times per day and about 4.2 million times per years. Dacryphilia is the arousal from seeing tears in the eyes of a partner. Eyes are composed of more than two million working parts. A normal lifespan will bring you almost 24 millions images of the world around you. The eye muscles are most active muscles in the whole body. The eye can process 36,000 bits of information every hour. The eye is the only part of the human body that can function at 100 % ability at any moment, day or night. The giant squid has the biggest eye in this world. It weighs up to 2.5 tons and grows up to 55 feet long. Each eye is 1 foot or more in diameter. Its physically impossible for pigs to look up in to the sky. The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared & ultraviolet light. Camels have three eyelids to protect themselves from blowing sand. Owls are the only bird that can see the color blue.

Thank You for listening!!!