BY: PAYAL GAGNEJA MADAAN ASST PROFESSOR (OB)

What is Personality ??
Personality comes from the Greek word "persona", meaning "mask. Personality is a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a person that influences his or her behavior towards goal achievement. Each person has unique ways of protecting these states. -Gluck

Major Determinants
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

SITUATIONAL FACTORS

CULTURAL FACTORS

PERSONALITY

SOCIAL FACTORS

FAMILY FACTORS

HOW TO MEASURE PERSONALITY?

A. Projective Tests

B. Behavioral Measures

C. Self-report Questionnaire

A. Projective Tests

Objective- To see how each individual responds to the stimulus in a way that reflects his/her personality.

For example:- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Sentence Completion Method.

B. Behavioural Measures
o

Helps the psychologist to count and record the frequency of particular behaviours. behaviour is scored in a manner that it produces

oThe

an index of personality.
oLimitations

:-

Time consuming Expensive Misinterpretations Difference in Perception

C. Self-Report Questionnaire
o Most

common method of assessing the personality respond to a series of questions

of an individual.
o Individuals

usually in agree/disagree or true/false format.

o Most

widely recognised self-report questionnaires

are:

MBTI- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

The Big Five Personality Model

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

It is a widely used and highly regarded system for understanding and interpreting personality.

Essentially a 100-question personality test that asks

people how they usually feel or act in particular

situations.

Extensively used in Organizations as a basis for

understanding individual differences.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Type of Social Interaction Preference for Gathering Data Preference for Decision Making Style of Decision Making
Extrovert (E)
Introvert (I)

Sensing (S) Intuitive (N) Feeling (F) Thinking (T) Perceptive (P) Judgmental (J)

Extroverted
Interest Orientation

Introverted

Talkative, Sociable, Friendly,Outspoken

Shy, Reserved, Quite

Sensing
Perception

Intuition

Organised,Practical, Focus Detail.

Less Regular, Unconscious, Focus Big Picture

Thinking
Judgment

Feeling

Reliability of logical order cause and effect, Apathy

Priorities based on personal importance and values, Sympathy

Judgment
Environment Orientation

Perception

Judging attitude Control of events and systematic planning

Spontaneity Curious, awaiting events and adapting to them, Flexible

Extraversion

Agreeableness

The Big Five Personality Model

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Openness to Experience

1) Extraversion:-

The Extraversion dimension captures

ones comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive.
2) Agreeableness:-

It refers to an individuals tendency

are Trusting, good natured,

to be trusting, cooperative and warm. Highly agreeable people cooperative, soft hearted.
3) Conscientiousness:-

It measures an individuals

reliability, hard work and accountability. An individual

with high conscientious is Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent.

4. Emotional

Stability:-

This

dimension

measures the level of self confidence and calmness of an individual. An individual with positive emotional stability is relaxed, secure, unworried. 5. Openness to experience:- It addresses ones range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded.

EXTRAVERSION

Openness to Experience

Agreeableness

Emotional Stability

Concientiousness

1) Locus of Control

8) Self Efficacy

7) Self-Esteem

2) Machiavellianism

Other Key Personality Attributes

6) Self Monitoring

3) Risk Propensity

4) Self Efficacy

5) Type A Personality

As per 11th Edition

1) Locus of Control
An

individuals generalised belief about internal

(self) versus external(situation or others) control

is called Locus of Control.
Internals:-

Those who believe that one controls Ones life outcomes attributed to

key events and consequences in ones life.

Externals:

environmental factors such as luck or fate.

2) Machiavellianism

Named after Niccolo Machiavelli. A personality characteristic indicating ones

willingness to do whatever it takes to get ones way.

Individuals high in Machiavellianism believe that manipulation of others are fine if it helps to achieve a goal.

They are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance and

believe that ends can justify means.

3) Risk Propensity

People differ in their willingness to take chances.

High Risk taking Managers make more rapid decisions and use less information in making their choices than low risk taking managers.

4) Self Efficacy
o

Self Efficacy refers to an individuals belief that

he or she is capable of performing a task.

o

It is directly proportional to confidence and chances to succeed.

The higher the self efficacy, the more confidence an individual will have in his ability to succeed in a task.

5) Type A Personality
Type A personalities :oAlways
oFeel

moving, walking and eating rapidly.

impatient with the rate at which most events cope with leisure time.

take place.
oCannot oAre

obsessed with numbers, measuring their

success in terms of how much of everything they

acquire.

6) Self Monitoring
o

It refers to the ability to adjust ones behaviour to

external, situational factors.

o

High self monitors pay attention to what is appropriate in a particular situation and to the behaviour of other people and then behave accordingly.

Low self monitors act from the internal states rather than paying attention to the situation.

7) Self Esteem
o

It refers to an individuals general feeling of

self worth.
o

Individuals with High self esteem believe

that their strengths are more important than

their weaknesses whereas ones with Low self

esteem are strongly affected by what other

people think of them.

8) Positive/Negative Effect
o

Individuals who focus on positive aspects of

themselves, people and the world in general

are said to have positive effect.
o

Individuals with negative effect produce

negative group effect leading to less

cooperative behaviour.

Theories Of Personality
1) Trait

Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth Theories: Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes.

2) Psychoanalytic

3) Humanistic

4) Social-Cognitive

TRAIT THEORIES
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist, a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types: Introvert: Shy, selfcentered person whose attention is focused inward. Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward

Eysencks Three Factor Theory

Hans Eysenck, English psychologist, believed that there are three fundamental factors in personality:

Introversion versus Extroversion Emotionally Stable versus Unstable (neurotic) Impulse Control versus Psychotic

The first two factors create 4 combinations, related to the four basic temperaments recognized by ancient Greeks:

Melancholic (introverted + unstable): sad, gloomy Choleric (extroverted + unstable): hottempered, irritable Phlegmatic (introverted + stable): sluggish, calm Sanguine (extroverted + stable): cheerful, hopeful

Cattell: Source & Surface Traits

Raymond Cattell: believed that there were two basic categories of traits: Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas of personality Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a personality Cattell also constructed a personality test identifying 16 personality factors (source traits) out of which he believed that five

factors were most important:

1. Openness 3. Extraversion 2. Conscientiousness 4. Agreeable

5. Neuroticism

The Sixteen Personality Factors

THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Founded by Sigmund Freud, this theory emphasizes the influence of the subconscious mind rather than conscious and rational thought. The behaviour of an individual is an outcome of certain conflicting factors such as ID, Ego and Super Ego.

Id:
The unconscious, irrational part of personality. It is a strong, inborn and basic instinctive urge which is at the centre of individuals personality . It operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction.

Ego:

It is involved with the workings of the real world. Also known as Reality Principle, it is the conscious, and rational part of personality that regulates thoughts and behaviors. It teaches the person to balance demands of external world and needs of the person.

Super Ego:
strives for perfection and is the internal

It

representation of parental and societal values.

It is a moral code of conduct which helps an

individual to attempt for perfection.

It judges ones behaviors as right or wrong,

good or bad.

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

Developed by Albert Bandura. Views behaviour as influenced by the interaction between persons and the social context. The theory emphasizes the rational side of life while ignoring the emotional side. It is proposed that our thoughts and actions originate in the social world. The human beings have capacity for selfregulation and engage in active cognitive processes.

HUMANISTIC THEORIES
MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Abraham Maslow is considered father of the humanistic movement. He proposed the idea of self actualized people. As per his view, human motives are arranged in a hierarchy of needs The self actualized people have realistic perception, are spontaneous, easily accept self and others, are creative, and enjoy and appreciate positive aspects of life, like privacy and independence.

GRAPHICAL HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

SELF ACTUALISATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature Spontaneity, Task Centering Autonomy

Continued freshness of appreciation

Fellowship with humanity Profound interpersonal relationships. Comfort with solitude