The Nervous System- nervous tissue

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Nervous System
Bodys control center and communication network. It direct the functions of the bodys organs and systems. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves and the sensory and motor structures of the body.
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Central Nervous System

Consists of brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, andmemory. Some reflexmovements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures.
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The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called thebrainstemand runs through the spinal canal. The brain and spinal cord is composed of gray and white matter.

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Parts of brain

1.Cerebrum : The largest part of the brain consisting of two hemispheres which controls voluntary actions and are the seats of intelligence, memory, imagination and will. 2.Cerebellum : The large mass having ridges and furrows attached to cerebrum, which regulates muscular movement of locomotion. 3.Medula Oblongata : The lowermost

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Peripheral Nervous System

Nerve Fibers Axonal projections travel in bundles through the body. These bundles are encapsulated in fibroconnective tissue in a manner similar to that seen in muscle tissue. Entire nerve bundles are surrounded by theepineurium. Branching from the epineurium and dividing the nerve bundle into fascicles is 8/22/12

Ganglions

Usually more than one nerve is needed to reach from the CNS to or from the peripheral effector organs. These chains of nerve fibers interconnect in structures calledganglions.Within the ganglion very large cells are visible. These are thecell bodiesof the neurons Within the cell body you should be able to see theNissl substance, an accumulation of the 8/22/12

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain The spinal cord begins below the medulla and ends just above 8/22/12 the small of the

Functions of Nervous System

Control of all body functions

Coordination of different body organs

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Properties of Nervous System

Sensitivity Conductivity Responsiveness

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Neurons

Basic building blocks of the nervous system. Information-processing units of the brain responsible for receiving and transmitting information.

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Parts of a Neuron

Dendrites- treelike extension at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body and are cover with synapses. Axon- the elongated fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings and transmit the neural signal.
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Synaptic cleft- small gap that separates the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. It creates the physical barrier for the electrical signal carried by one neuron to be transferred to another neuron

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Classification of neurons
Structural classification based on number of processes coming off of the cell body:

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Anaxonic neurons no anatomical clues to determine axons from dendrites

functions unknown

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Multipolar neuron

multiple dendrites & single axon most common type

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Bipolar neuron two processes coming off cell body one dendrite & one axon only found in eye, ear & nose

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Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron

single process coming off cell body, giving rise to dendrites (at one end) & axon (making up rest of process)

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Classification of neurons
Functional classification based on type of information & direction of information transmission:

Sensory (afferent) neurons

transmit sensory information from receptors of PNS towards the CNS most sensory neurons are unipolar, a few are bipolar transmit motor information from the CNS to effectors (muscles/glands/adipose tissue) in the periphery of the body all are multipolar transmit information between neurons within the CNS; analyze inputs, coordinate outputs are the most common type of neuron (20 billion) are all multipolar

Motor (efferent) neurons

Association (interneurons)

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CNS component

Grey matter(orgray matter) is a major component of thecentral nervous system, consisting ofneuronalcell bodies,neuropil, glial cellsand capillaries. Grey matter contains neural cell bodies, in contrast towhite matter, which does not and mostly contains myelinated axon tracts
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White matteris one of the two components of thecentral nervous systemand consists mostly ofglialcells andmyelinatedaxonsthat transmit signals from one region of thecerebrumto another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers.

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Neuroglia
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Aka Glial cells. From the greek word glue, discovered by a german pathologist Rudolf Vichow in 1846. Non- neuronal cells that maintain hemeostasis. It provides support and protection for neurons in the brain. In human brain there are 10-100 glial cell for every neuron. They form a major component of the nerve

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2 TYPES OF NEUROGLIA

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CNS Neuroglia Astrocyt

PNS Neuroglia Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) Satellite cells

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NAME Astrocytes (CNS)

DESCRIPTION These cells are star-shaped because of their numerous processes radiating in all directions.

FUNCTION Create supportive framework for neurons Create blood-brain barrier Monitor & regulate interstitial fluid surrounding neurons Secrete chemicals for embryological neuron formation Stimulate the formation of scar tissue secondary to CNS injury

Oligodendrocytes These cells have fewer cell (CNS) processes. According to their distribution: The intrafascicular cellsare found in the myelinated tracts. The perineuronal cellsare seen on the surface of the somata of neurons.

Create myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the CNS. Myelinated axons transmit impulses faster than unmyelinated axons

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Line ventricles of brain Ependymal cells Also (CNS) namedependymocytes,form & central canal of spinal the surface layer of the wall of cord the system of interconnected, These cells create and fluid-filled cavities of the brain secrete cerebrospinal and spinal cord, fluid (CSF) and beat theirciliato help circulate it

Microglia (CNS)

These are the smallest of the Brain Macrophages glial cells which have a Phagocytize cellular flattened cell body with a few wastes & pathogens short, fine processes. They are often related to capillaries, and are said to be phagocytic in nature.

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Schwann cells (PNS)

Principalgliaof theperipheral nervous system(PNS). Glial cells function to supportneuronsand in the PNS, also includesatellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, enteric glia and glia that reside at sensory nerve endings, such as thePacinian corpuscle. Satellite cellsare small cells that line the exterior surface of PNS neurons and help regulate the external chemical environment.

Surround all axons of neurons in the PNS creating a neurilemma around them. Neurilemma allows for potential regeneration of damaged axons Creates myelin sheath around most axons of PNS

Satellite cells (PNS)

Support groups of cell bodies of neurons within ganglia of the PNS

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Cerebrum

The cerebrum, also known as the telencephalon, is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain. It encompasses about two-thirds of the brain mass and lies over and around most of the structures of the brain. The outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum is covered by a thin layer of gray tissue called the cerebral cortex.
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Layer of Cerebral cortex

Layer I is the molecular layer, which contains very few neurons;

layer II the external granular layer; layer III the external pyramidal layer; layer IV the internal granular layer;

layer V the internal pyramidal layer; and layer VI the multiform, or fusiform layer.

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Thefrontallobes are located in the front of the brain and are responsible for voluntary movement and, via their connections with other lobes, participate in the execution of sequential tasks; speech output; organizational skills; and certain aspects of behaviour , mood, and memory.
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Theparietallobes are located

Histology of the Cerebral Cortex

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Stellate (Granule) Cells

These come in awide assortmentofshapes. They are typicallysmall(< 10 micrometres)multipolar neurons. Theirshort axons do not leave

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Pyramidal Cells theprincipal output neurons.

these arenumerous small projectionsthat are

thepreferential siteofsynaptic contact.

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Horizontal Cells (of Cajal)

Asmallfusiformcellfound in thesuperficial layerof thecerebral cortex with itslong axisplaced horizontally. These areprominent during developmentbut most disappear after birth.

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Fusiform Cells

These are found in thedeepest cortical layer. They arespindle-shapedwith atuft of dendritesemerging from each end of thespindle. They are, however, otherwise

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Cells of Martinotti

These cells are found inall cortical layersbut are more abundant in thedeeper cortical layers. They are unusual in the fact that they have anaxonthat

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Cerebellum

little brain Attached to the brainstem by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles Consists of gray nuclei and white nerve tracts plays an important role inmotor control may also be involved in somecognitive functions
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THREE LAYERS OF CEREBERALL CORTEX

Molecular Layer outermost layer mainly a synaptic area with relatively few nerve cell bodies Cell bodies: stellate cells, basket cells axons and 8/22/12 dendrites of

A. -.

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B. Purkinje Layer -situated between molecular and granule layer Cell bodies:onlyPurkinje cells Purkinje cells - single axon, very large, flask-shaped cells with huge dendritic arborizations extending upward to the molecular layer -dendrites spread out in a fan-like fashion
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C. Granule Cell Layer

-innermost layer -contains a dense accumulation of very small neurons. Cell bodies: granule cells, Golgi cells -climbing fibers and mossy fibers are also found in this layer
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Meninges

Dura Matter Arachoid Matter Pia Matter

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The Meninges - Connective Coverings of the Brain

The brain is enclosed in three layers of connective tissue. The outer most (dura mater) consists of dense connective tissue. Underlying the dura is thearachnoid layer, often described as a "roof with pillars" made of dense connective tissue. Spaces within the arachnoid are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The inner most layer, thepia mater, consists 8/22/12 of loose connective tissue on the