To Keep Radio Contact With A Moving Object, You Have To Keep Changing Your Frequency

INTRODUCTION
The Russians kept the Doppler-effect in mind with the launch of Sputnik I in 1957 .To keep radio
contact with a moving object, you have to keep changing your frequency.
The Americans discovered how to invert this in 1959 with the start of the TRANSIT navigation system.(Navy Navigational satellite system). If you
know the position of the satellite, you can determine your relative position to it
BEE0002213,BEE0004613,BEE0004713,BEE 0005113,BEE0005213
The Transit navigation system could only stay for 2 years after it conception because it had its limitations. Listed below are few of its limitations. Low orbit + few satellites = bad coverage Receiver needs a continuous signal Receiver has to wait for satellite to pass overhead Only up to 500/25 meter accuracy Assumes sea level altitude
NAVSTAR GPS(navigation satellite and timing and ranging)

The concept of Navistar was to improve the inaccuracies of transit navigation system. Concept Six orbital planes (plane = orbit containing multiple satellites) 21 active satellites, plus 3 spares Four per plane
How it works
A receiver receives a signal from a GPS satellite It calculates the difference from the current time and the time sent by the satellite It now knows how far away the satellite is Because we know that radio signals travel at the speed of light, we can calculate this
How it works(cont)
There are two possible locations One is practically impossible, so it can be ruled out
Too far away from Earth (too high) Velocity is not realistic
Still, we need a fourth satellite

Confirm this location Improve accuracy
NAVSTAR GPS
Accuracy improved with the forth satellite
THE GPS
The Global positioning system is a marvel of satellites, a system of supporting ground stations and coded radio transmissions all to do one simple thing, tell you exactly where you are. It was designed, built, operated and maintained by Department of Defense which serves the initial purpose of tracking submarines carrying nuclear missiles.
THE GPS (CONT)

The development of the GPS first came about in the year 1973 with the first four satellites launched in 1978.However full operational capacity was reached on 17 July 1995 which cost the U.S Defense about 12 million dollars.
HOW GPS WORKS

The GPS receivers collect the signals transmitted from the system of 31 satellites. The GPS works under five(5) conditions; Satellite triangulation set basis of the system Satellites ranging measures distance from a satellite Satellite positioning locate where a satellite is in space Correcting errors does correction for ionosphere and troposphere delays
COMPONENTS OF GPS
The GPS comprises of three (3) segments. The space segment The ground segment(the ground controlled network) The user segment(GPS receivers and their users)
GPS SPACE SEGMENT

GPS Constellation
31 satellites (Space Vehicles or SVs) With three on standby 20,200km altitude (12 hour orbit period) 6 orbital planes (55 inclination) 4 satellites in each plane
GPS Satellite Details

Manufactured by Rockwell International, later by Lockheed M&S 7000 miles per hour 2.2m body, 7m with solar panels Average of 21 years expected lifetime
GPS CONTROL SEGMENT

The control segment consist of five monitoring stations Diego Garcia Ascension Island Hawaii Kwajalein Island and Colorado
GPS CONTROL SEGMENT(CONT)

The control segment performs three main tasks Monitoring the health of the satellites Determine their orbits and the behavior of their atomic clocks Inject the broadcast message into the satellites
GPS USER SEGMENT

The user segment consist of the user and all earth based GPS receivers. The typical receiver is composed of, Antenna Preamplifier Radio signal microprocessor Control and display device Data recording unit and Power supply
GPS RECEIVER RF FRONT END
1575.42MHz GPS SIGNAL Each SV modulates using a unique 1023-bit 1023 chips (1ms) pseudorandom (PRN) code PRN sent at 1.023Mcps (chips per cod second) e 1 chip PRN allows spread-spectrum CDMA management of GPS transmit frequency PRN PRN PRN PRN PRN Receivers distance to the SV can be determined by measuring the PRN time skew between the transmitted and received signals Data GPS system data (ephemeris, 0 0 1 0 1 0 Bits* clock, and atmospheric parameters) are transmitted 50bps (20ms/bit) by further modulating the PRN BEE0002213,BEE0004613,BEE0004713,BEE 50bps code at *PRN code inverts to signify bit transition (0/1) 0005113,BEE0005213
code and P(Y) GPS SIGNAL C/ASVs transmit at code All
ERRORS IN GPS
Errors in GPS takes place because of the following reasons Atmospheric delays Satellite clock Orbital Multipath and Receiver measurement noise
ERROR CORRECTION
DGPS is Differential GPS is used to correct the various inaccuracies in the GPS system, pushing its inaccuracies ever further. Error is reduced by determining the error at a known location, then subtracting that error from the solution at an unknown location. DGPS consist of two receivers, Stationary and a Moving around making position measurements.
GPS APPLICATIONS
GPS can be applied in the following areas: Agriculture Marine Aviation Road and Highways Environment Rail Surveying and Mapping Public Safety and Disaster Relief
LIMITATION OF GPS
Solar activities can distort the GPS signals as they pass through the earths ionosphere causing accuracy error. The solar storm that occurred in early March 2012 disrupted satellite communication and force airline to reroute some flights. More solar storm are likely to occur through 2013-2014 as the sun reaches its solar max period.
RECOMMENDATION
We recommend that Africa should come up with its own system for the interest of the continent.
CONCLUSION
Programs such as Earthscope is planning to inculcate GPS to help understand why earth quake and volcanic eruption occurs. The GPS is without doubt the most successful dual use(civilian and military) system developed by US.
REFERENCES
http://www.gpsy.com/gpsinfo/ Robert Sweet, GPS for mariners, International Marine Publishing co., 2nd Edition. Alison.M.Smith,Law Enforcement use of GPS device to monitor motor vehicle, congressional research service, February 28, 2011.
REFRENCES (CONT)
WWW.gps.gov/applications/
THANK YOU

To Keep Radio Contact With A Moving Object, You Have To Keep Changing Your Frequency

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To Keep Radio Contact With A Moving Object, You Have To Keep Changing Your Frequency

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INTRODUCTION

NAVSTAR GPS(navigation satellite and timing and ranging)

Still, we need a fourth satellite

THE GPS (CONT)

HOW GPS WORKS

GPS SPACE SEGMENT

GPS Satellite Details

GPS CONTROL SEGMENT

GPS CONTROL SEGMENT(CONT)

GPS USER SEGMENT

GPS RECEIVER RF FRONT END

code and P(Y) GPS SIGNAL C/ASVs transmit at code All

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