What is wireless communication:

Any form of communication that does not require the

transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact Electromagnetic wave propagated through free-space
Radar, RF, Microwave, IR,

types of communication
Simplex
one-way communication -radio, TV, etc Half-duplex: two-way communication but not

simultaneous -push-to-talk radios, etc Full-duplex: two-way communication cellular phones Frequency-division duplex (FDD) Time-division duplex (TDD): simulated full-duplex

Why wireless communication?

User Mobility Reduced Cost (cheap infrastructure) Cabling very critical Developing nations utilize cellular telephony rather than laying twisted-pair wires to each home Flexibility Can easily set-up temporary LANs Disaster situations Office moves Only use resources when sending or receiving a signal

Why wireless different than wired?

Noisy, time-varying channel
BER varies by orders of magnitude Environmental conditions affect transmission

Shared medium
Other users create interference Must develop ways to share the channel Bandwidth is limited spectrum allocated by state rules

Wireless Link Characteristics

Radio Propagation
Short and Long wave properties Attenuation Interfence Fading and Multi-path Fading Transmit power and range Bit Error Rate and Models

Frequency Carries/Channels
The information from sender to receiver is carrier over a

well defined frequency band.

This is called a channel

Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in KHz)

and Capacity (bit-rate) Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to transmit information in parallel and independently.

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Example

Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for communication between stations A and B Assume each channel occupies 30KHz. There are 3 channels Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way) For full duplex communication: Use two different channels (front and reverse channels) Use time division in a channel
Channel 1 (b - b+30) Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90) Station B

Station A

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Simplex Communication
Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in

one way.

This is called simplex transmision

To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex

communication)

We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing We can use Time Division Multiplexing

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Duplex Communication - FDD

FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile Terminal M

Forward Channel Reverse Channel

Base Station B

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands

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Duplex Communication - TDD

TDD: Time Division Duplex
Mobile Terminal M

Base Station B

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately.

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Wireless System Definitions

Mobile Station A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in motion at unspecified locations. They can be either hand-held personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles (mobiles)
Base station A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on top of a tower.

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Wireless System Definitions

Mobile Switching Center Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connections the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the PSTN (telephone network). It is also called Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
Subscriber A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile communication system Transceiver A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving radio signals
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Wireless System Definitions

Control Channel Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation and other beacon and control purposes.
Forward Channel Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base station to the mobile Reverse Channel Radio channel used for transmission of information from mobile to base station

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Ibrahim Korpeoglu

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What is PCS
Personal Communication Services A wide variety of network services that includes wireless access and personal mobility services Provided through a small terminal Enables communication at any time, at any place, and in any form.

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Several PCS systems

High-tier Systems GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

The mobile telephony system that we are using USA digital cellular mobile telephony system TDMA based multiple access

IS-136

Personal Digital Cellular IS-95 cdmaOne System

CDMA based multiple access

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Several PCS systems

Low-tier systems Residential, business and public cordless access applications and systems

Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2) Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT) Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS) Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)

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Several PCS systems

Wideband wireless systems For Internet access and multimedia transfer

Cdma2000 W-CDMA, proposed by Europe SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe

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Several PCS systems

Other PCS Systems Special data systems

CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data RAM Mobile Data Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)

Paging Systems Mobile Satellite Systems

LEO, MEO, HEO satellites for data/voice

ISM band systems: Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.

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Mobile Satellite Systems

Like cellular systems, except that the base

stations (i.e., satellites) move as will as mobile devices Satellite coverage attractive for areas of world not well served by existing terrestial infrastructure: ocean areas, developing countries

ISM BAND
The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio

bands are radio bands (portions of the radio spectrum) reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications. Examples of applications in these bands include radiofrequency process heating, microwave ovens, and medical diathermy machines. in recent years the fastest-growing uses of these bands have been for short-range, low power communications systems. Cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, NFC devices, and wireless computer networks

1st generation mobile systems

First generation: 1980s
Several competing standards in different countries NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) - adopted in most of Europe, First

european system (Sweden, 1981) TACS (Total Access Communication Systems), starts in 1985 UK standard; A few of Europe, Asia, Japan AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)- US standard C-Netz (Only in Germany) Radiocom 2000 (Only in France) Analog transmission - Frequency modulation Various bands: NMT:450 MHz first,900 MHz later, TACS- 900 MHz AMPS - 800 MHz Today still in use in lowtechnology country

2nd generation mobile systems

4 systems Global System for Mobile (GSM) Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), US Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95) US Personal Digital Cellular (PDC),Japan GSM by far the dominant one Originally pan-european Deployed worldwide (slow only in US)

Basic bands: 900 MHz

1800 MHz

(Digital Cellular System: DCS1800) 1900 MHz (Personal Communication system:PCS-1900,US only) Specifications for GSM-400 (large areas) GSM-800 (north america)

2 generation mobile systems GSM incremental extension

High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) Circuit switched data communication Uses up to 4 slots (1 slot = 9.6 or 14.4 Kbps) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Packet data (use spectrum only when needed!) dial-up comparable speed Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) Higher data rate available on radio interface (3x) Up to 384 Kbps (8 slots) Thanks to new modulation scheme (8PSK) May coexist with old GMSK

 Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!! For the consumer

Video streaming, TV broadcast Video calls, video clips news, music, sports Enhanced gaming, chat, location services

3G

For business

High speed teleworking Sales force automation Video conferencing Real-time financial information

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3G Standardscreated by ITU-T and is called as IMT 3G Standard is

2000. The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems to provide Global Roaming.

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Upgrade paths for 2G Technologies

2G IS-95 GSMIS-136 & PDC

2.5G

IS-95B HSCSD

GPRS EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT 3G

W-CDMA EDGE TD-SCDMA 3GPP2 3GPP

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Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO Cdma2000-3xRTT

2G TECHNOLOGIES
CdmaOne, IS-95 Uplink Frequencies Downlink Frequencies Duplexing Multiple Access Tech.
824-849 MHz (US Cellular) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) FDD CDMA BPSK with Quadrature Spreading 1.25 MHz

GSM, DCS-1900
890-915 MHz (Europe) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 935-960 MHz (Europe) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) FDD TDMA

IS-54/IS-136, PDC
800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 824-849 MHz (US Cellular) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan) FDD TDMA

Modulation
Carrier Separation Channel Data Rate Voice Channels per carrier

GMSK with BT=0.3

/4 DQPSK
30 KHz (IS-136) (25 KHz for PDC) 48.6 Kbps (IS-136) (25 KHz for PDC)

200 KHz

1.2288 Mchips/sec

260.833 Kbps

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GSM evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD) Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution GSM Uses 8PSK modulation HSCSD 9.6kbps (one timeslot) 3x improvement in data rate on short distances GSM Data Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances Also called CSD Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps Can also be combined with HSCSD

GSM

GPRS

WCDMA

General Packet Radio Services Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)

EDGE

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GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
Packet based Data Network Well suited for non-real time internet usage including retrieval

of email, faxes and asymmetric web browsing. Supports multi user network sharing of individual radio channels and time slots. Provides packet network on dedicated GSM radio channels GPRS overlays a packet-switched architecture on existing GSM network architecture

Variable performance

Packet Random Access, Packet Switched Content handling Throughput depends on coding scheme, # timeslots etc From ~ 9 kbps min to max. of 171.8 kbps (in theory!)
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GPRS (contd..)
Modulation GMSK
Symbol Rate 270 ksym/s Modulation bit rate 270 kbps Radio data rate per time slot 22.8kbps User data rate per time slot 20kbps (CS4) User data rate (8 time slots) 160kbps, 182.4kbps Applications are required to provide their own error

correction scheme as part of carried data payload.

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EDGE
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
EDGE is add-on to GPRS Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol) Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9) MCS(1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS(5-9) uses 8PSK modulation.

Uses Link adaptation algorithm

Modulation Bit rate 810kbps Radio data rate per time slot 69.2kbps User data rate per time slot 59.2kbps (MCS9)

User data rate (8 time slots) 473.6kbps

New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core

network and the rest remains the same EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core
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UMTS

UMTS is the European vision of 3G. UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE. The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third

Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Data rates of UMTS are: 144 kbps for rural 384 kbps for urban outdoor 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

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IMPACT ON EXISTING NETWORK

Wireless Data Tech Channel BW Duplex Infrastructure Change Requires New Spectrum Requires New Handsets

HSCSD

200KHz

FDD

Requires Software Upgrade at base station Requires new packet overlay including routers and gateways Requires new transceivers at base station. Also, software upgrade to the BSC & BTS

No

Yes, New HSCSD handsets provide 57.6Kbps on HSCSD n/w and 9.6 Kbps on GSM n/w with dual mode phones. GSM only phones will not work in HSCSD N/w. Yes, New GPRS handsets work on GPRS n/w at 171.2Kbps, 9.6 Kbps on GSM n/w with dual mode phones. GSM only phones will not work in GPRS n/w.

GPRS

200KHz

FDD

No

EDGE

200KHz

FDD

No

Yes, New handsets work on EDGE n/w at 384Kbps, GPRS n/w at 144Kbps, and GSM n/w at 9.6 Kbps with tri-mode phones. GSM and GPRS-only phones will not work in EDGE n/w.

W-CDMA

5MHz

FDD

Requires completely new base stations

Yes

Yes, New W-CDMA handsets will work on W-CDMA at 2Mbps, EDGE n/w at 384 Kbps, GPRS n/w at 144 Kbps. GSM n/w at 9.9 Kbps. Older handsets will not work in 34 W-CDMA.

CDMA2000 evolution to 3G
IS-95B Uses multiple code channels Data rates up to 64kbps Many operators gone direct to 1xRTT CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data Optimised Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution Standardised version of Qualcomm High Data Rate (HDR) Adds TDMA components beneath code components Good for highly asymmetric high speed data apps Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a 3G system Use new or existing spectrum

IS-95B CDMA IS-95A

IS-95A 14.4 kbps Core network reused in CDMA2000

1xEV-DO 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTT First phase in CDMA2000 evolution Easy co-existence with IS-95A air interface Release 0 - max 144 kbps Release A max 384 kbps Same core network as IS-95

1xEV-DV

CDMA2000 3xRTT

CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV Fourth phase in CDMA2000 evolution Still under development Speeds to 5Mbps+ (more than 3xRTT!) Possible end game.

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IS-95A
CDMA was commercially introduced in 1995 with IS-95A or cdmaOne. IS-95A is the CDMA-based second generation (2G) standard for mobile communication. The following are the key aspects of this standard: Support for data rates of upto 14.4 kbps

IS-95A has been used exclusively for circuit-switched voice

Convolutional Channel coding used Modulation technique used is BPSK

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IS-95B
IS-95B or cdmaOne is the evolved version of IS-95A and is designated as 2.5G. IS-95B maintains the Physical Layer of IS-95A, but due to an enhanced MAC layer, is capable of providing for higher speed data services. The following are the key aspects of the standard: Theoretical data rates of upto 115 kbps, with generally experienced rates of 64 kbps

Additional Walsh codes and PN sequence masks, which enable a mobile user to be assigned up to eight forward or reverse code channels simultaneously, thus enabling a higher data rate
Code channels, which are transmitted at full data rates during a data burst Convolutional Channel coding Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) as the Modulation technique used

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CDMA2000 1X (voice and data)

Provides always on data rates Doubles the voice capacity SK Telecom, the largest carrier in South Korea implements the 1st release of CDMA2000 in October 2000 Only requires new cards in the base transceiver system and software in the mobile switching centre Routers, billing, authentication and authorisation systems, and connection to IP networks are necessary for data services

CDMA 2000 1X
Supports theoretical data rates of upto 307 kbps, with generally experienced rates of 144 kbps Introduction of Radio Configurations Transmission formats characterized by physical layer parameters such as data rates, modulation characteristics, and spreading rate. RCs help in providing for additional data rates. Quality and Erasure indicator bits (QIB and EIB) on the reverse power control sub channel. These help in indicating to the BS about bad frames or lost frames received at the mobile station, so that they can be retransmitted Code channels are transmitted at full data rates during a data burst Convolutional and Turbo coding techniques used Modulation technique used is QPSK

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CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (data optimised- high data rate)

Network providers already have the 1st stage

CDMA2000 can upgrade to higher data speeds by adding software and channel cards to their base stations for high data rate HDR service is a data-only enhancement with higher downlink speeds No capacity is gained for voice traffic

1X EV-DO
Supporting data rates of up to 2.4 Mbps Having no backward-compatibility with CDMA 2000 Including two inter-operable modes: an integrated 1x mode optimized for voice and medium data speeds, and a 1xEV mode optimized for non real-time high capacity/high speed data and Internet access Providing Adaptive Rate Operation with respect to channel conditions Providing Adaptive modulation and coding Providing Macro diversity via radio selection Providing an always-on operation of 1xEV-DO terminals in the active state Using a multi-level modulation format (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM)
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1xEV-DV
Backward compatible with CDMA 2000. EV-DV can be easily extended to operate in 3x mode under the

framework of current system. Forward peak data rate : 3.072 Mbps. Reverse peak data rate: 451.2 kbps. Addition of three new channels to f/w link and reverse link for packet data operation and its support. Adaptive modulation and coding : QPSK, 8- PSK, 16-QAM Variable frame duration Mobile station can select one of N base stations. DTX transmission supported for saving battery life.

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CDMA 2000 3X

Offering data speeds up to 2 Mbps

Using three standard 1.25 MHz channels within a 5 MHz band Using Convolutional and Turbo coding techniques Using QPSK as the Modulation technique

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IMPACT ON EXISTING NETWORK

Wireless Channel Duplex Data Tech. BW Infrastructure Change Requires new software in BSC Requires new s/w in backbone and new channel cards at base stations. Also need to build a new packet service node. Requires s/w and digital card upgrade on 1xRTT networks Requires New Spectrum No Requires New Handsets Yes, New handsets will work on IS-95B at 64 Kbps and IS-95A at 14.4 Kbps. Cdma One phones can work in IS-95B at 14.4 Kbps

IS-95B

1.25MHz

FDD

Cdma2000 1.25MHz 1xRTT

FDD

No

Yes, New handsets will work on 1xRTT at 144 Kbps, IS-95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A at 14.4 Kbps. Older handsets can work in 1xRTT but at lower speeds.

Cdma2000 1.25MHz 1xEV (DO & DV)

FDD

No

Yes,New handsets can work on 1xEV at 2.4 Mbps, 1xRTT at 144 Kbps, IS95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A at 14.4 Kbps. Older handsets can work in 1xEV but at lower speeds.

Cdma2000 3.75MHz 3xRTT

FDD

Requires backbone modifications and new channel cards at base stations.

Maybe

Yes, New handsets will work on 95A at 14.4 Kbps, 95B at 64 Kbps, 1xRTT at 144 Kbps, 3xRTT at 2 Mbps. Older handsets can work in 3X but at lower speeds.
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3.5G
3.5G or HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an enhanced version and the next intermediate generation of 3G UMTS. It comprises the technologies that improve the Air Interface and increase the spectral efficiency, to support data rates of the order of 30 Mbps. 3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include: Adaptive Modulation and Coding Fast Scheduling Backward compatibility with 3G Enhanced Air interface

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4G: Anytime, Anywhere Connection

Also known as Mobile Broadband everywhere

MAGIC Mobile Multimedia Communication Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Service According to 4G Mobile Forum, by 2008 over $400 billion would be invested in 4G mobile projects. In India, communication Minister Mr. Dayanidhi Maran, has announced a national centre of excellence to work in 4G arena.

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4G: Data rate Facts

Transmission at 20 Mbps
2000 times faster than mobile data rates 10 times faster than top transmission rates planned in

final build out of 3G broadband mobile 10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services. Companies developing 4G technology Cellular phone companies: Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola, IT Companies: Hughes,HP,LG Electronics

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Design Challenges
Wireless channels are a difficult and capacitylimited broadcast communications medium Traffic patterns, user locations, and network conditions are constantly changing Applications are heterogeneous with hard constraints that must be met by the network Energy and delay constraints change design principles across all layers of the protocol stack

Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize capacity

Geographic region divided into cells Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE STATION

MTSO

Cellular Phone Networks

San Francisco
BS BS

Internet MTSO PSTN MTSO

New York

BS

Satellite Systems

Cover very large areas Different orbit heights

GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)

Optimized for one-way transmission

Radio (XM, DAB) and movie (SatTV) broadcasting

Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt

Expensive alternative to terrestrial system
A few ambitious systems on the horizon

Paging Systems Broad coverage for short messaging

Message broadcast from all base stations
Simple terminals Optimized for 1-way transmission Answer-back hard Overtaken by cellular

Bluetooth
Cable replacement RF technology (low cost) Short range (10m, extendable to 100m) 2.4 GHz band (crowded) 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels

Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and

consumer electronics companies

Few applications beyond cable replacement

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