ENEL 575 Course Outline

Electromagnetic waves: Review of Maxwell equations, waves, Poynting vector, boundary

conditions etc
Basic Transmission lines: Transmission line fundamentals, impedance, reflections, VSWR,
lossy lines, coax line, impedance, dispersion
Microstrip line: basic parameters, geometry
Waveguides: Parallel Plate guide, rectangular and circular waveguides, modes, orthogonality,
dispersion, power etc
Smith Chart: basic operations on Smith Chart
Matching: matching with lumped elements, quarter wave transformer, single and double
stub matching
Matrix representation of circuits: ABCD, scattering matrix, relation between matrices,
reciprocity, symmetry, losslessness
Selected passive devices: transitions, attenuators and phase shifters, slotted lines, couplers,
power dividers/combiners, resonators, simple filters
Detectors: Introduction to diodes at microwave frequencies
Measurements: basic measurements techniques, power measurements, reflection/transmission,
Network Analyzer
Elements of antennas and systems: basic antenna parameters, dipole, power budget, simple
arrays, antennas in wireless communication, Doppler radar
Radiation Hazards: SAR, ANSI/IEEE electromagnetic radiation limits, mobile devices and
base stations

Patch Antenna
A patch antenna is a popular antenna type, which gains its name from
the fact that it basically consists of a metal patch suspended over a
ground plane.

A patch antenna consists mainly of a square conductor mounted over a
ground plane. The dimensions of the square are roughly 1/2
wavelength. The insulating space between the two planes may be air.




An air filled insulated space patch Antenna.
Patch Antenna
In telecommunication, there are several types of microstrip antennas
(also known as a printed antennas) the most common of which is the
microstrip patch antenna or patch antenna

They are often mounted on the exterior of aircraft and spacecraft, or
are incorporated into mobile radio communications devices.

When the antenna is loaded with a dielectric as its substrate, the length
of the antenna decreases as the relative dielectric constant of the
substrate increases.



A patch antenna with a dielectric substrate.
Patch Antenna
Microstrip antennas are also relatively inexpensive to manufacture and
design because of the simple 2-dimensional physical geometry.

Common microstrip antenna radiator shapes are square, rectangular,
circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape is possible. The most
commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.

They are usually employed at UHF (174-890 MHz) and higher
frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the
wavelength at the resonance frequency.
An advantage inherent to patch antennas is the ability to have
polarization diversity.


Fabrication of circular patch antenna.
Patch Antenna
Good websites for interested students to explore more:

http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04102004-
143656/unrestricted/Chapter3.pdf

http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04102004-
143656/unrestricted/Chapter4.pdf

http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/elektrik/issues/elk-05-13-1/elk-13-1-7-0407-7.pdf



Some of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Patch Antennas
Light weight and low volume.
Low fabrication cost (can be manufactured in large quantities).
Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).
Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surface.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Narrow bandwidth.
Low efficiency.
Low Gain.
Radiation from feeds and junctions.
Low power handling capacity.
Gap in the Microstrip
A symmetrical microstrip gap can be modeled by two open ends with a
capacitive series coupling between the two ends.

Symmetrical Microstrip Gap Layout.
Electrical Equivalent Circuit of a Microstrip Gap.
An Inter-digital Capacitor.
Chapter 6: Microwave Resonators
1) Applications
2) Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits
3) Loaded and Unloaded Q
4) Transmission Line Resonators
5) Rectangular Wave guide Cavities
6) Q of the TE
10l
Mode
7) Resonator Coupling
8) Gap Coupled Resonator
9) Excitation of Resonators
10) Summary


Microwave Resonators Applications
Microwave resonators are used in a variety of applications
such as:
Filters
Oscillators
Frequency meters
Tuned Amplifier

The operation of microwave resonators are very similar to
that of the lumped-element resonators of circuit theory, thus
we will review the basic of series and parallel RLC resonant
circuits first.
We will derive some of the basic properties of such circuits.

Series Resonant Circuit
Near the resonance frequency, a microwave resonator can be modeled
as a series or parallel RLC lumped-element equivalent circuit.
1
in
Z R j L j
C
e
e
= +
Resonance occurs when the average
stored magnetic (W
m
) and electric
energies (W
e
) are equal and Z
in
is purely
real.
A series RLC resonator and its
response. (a) The series RLC circuit.
(b) The input impedance magnitude
versus frequency.
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
C
j L j R I Z I P
in in
e
e
1
2
1
2
1 2 2
Average magnetic energy:
L I W
m
2
4
1
=
Average electric energy:
C
I W
e
2
2
1
4
1
e
=
A series RLC resonator and its
response. (a) The series RLC circuit.
(b) The input impedance magnitude
versus frequency.
1
o
LC
e =
Near the resonance
o
e e e = +A
2 2
2 2
1
(1 ) ( )
2
o
in
o
Z R j L R j L
LC
RQ
R j
e e
e e
e e
e
e

= + = +
A
= +
1
o
o
L
Q
R RC
e
e
= =
2
in
Z R j L e = + A
1/ BW Q =
Series Resonators
The frequency in which

is called the resonant frequency.
Another important factor is the Quality
Factor Q.
( )( ) e e e e e e e e A ~ + = 2
2 2
o o o
Second Loss Energy
Stored Energy Average
Q
/
e =
The input impedance magnitude versus frequency.
1/ BW Q =
Series Resonators
Fractional Bandwidth is defined as:

and happens when the average (real) power delivered to the
circuit is one-half that delivered at the resonance.
Bandwidth increases as R increases.
Narrower bandwidth can be achieved at higher quality factor
(Smaller R).
1
o
o
L
Q
R RC
e
e
= =
2
BW
o
=
A
e
e
A parallel RLC resonator and its
response. (a) The parallel RLC circuit.
(b) The input impedance magnitude
versus frequency.
1
o
LC
e =
1
1 1
in
Z j C
R j L
e
e

| |
= + +
|
\ .
Resonance occurs when the average
stored magnetic and electric energies
are equal and Z
in
is purely real. The input
impedance at resonance is equal to R.
o
o
R
Q RC
L
e
e
= =
Parallel Resonators
Second Loss Energy
Stored Energy Average
Q
/
e =
Note: Resonance frequency is equal to the
series resonator case. Q is inversed.
The input impedance magnitude versus frequency.
o
e e e = +A
o
o
R
Q RC
L
e
e
= =
1
2 ( )
in
o
Z
j C e e
=

R
1/ BW Q =
Parallel Resonators
Bandwidth reduces as R increases.
Narrower bandwidth can be achieved at higher quality factor (Larger R).
o
in
Q j
R
C j
R
Z
e e
e
/ 2 1
2
1
1
A +
=
|
.
|

\
|
A + ~

Close to the resonance frequency:
A resonant circuit connected to an external load, R
L
.
for series connection
for parallel connection
o
L
e
L
o
L
R
Q
R
L
e
e

Loaded and Unloaded Q Factor

The Q factors that we have calculated were based on the characteristic of the
resonant circuit itself, in the absence of any loading effect (Unloaded Q).

In practice a resonance circuit is always connected to another circuitry, which
will always have the effect of lowering the overall Q (Loaded Q).
Loaded Q Factor
If the resonator is a series RLC and coupled to an external load resistor
R
L
, the effective resistance is:

L e
R R R + =
If the resonator is a parallel RLC and coupled to an external load
resistor R
L
, the effective resistance is:

L L e
R R R R R + = /
Then the loaded Q can be written as:
1 1 1
L e
Q Q Q
= +
Note: Loaded Q factor is always smaller than Unloaded Q.
A short-circuited length of lossy
transmission line.
Transmission Line Resonators (Short Circuited)
Ideal lumped element (R, L and C) are usually impossible to
find at microwave frequencies.
We can design resonators with transmission line sections with
different lengths and terminations (Open or Short).
Since we are interested in the Q of these resonators we will
consider the Lossy Transmission Line.
( ) | o j Z Z
o in
+ = tanh


o |
| o
tanh tanh 1
tan tanh
+
+
=
j
j
Z Z
o in
For the special case of :
2 / =
o
| e
2
= =
R
L
Q
o
A short-circuited length of lossy
transmission line and the voltage

distributions for n=1, ( ) and

n=2 ( ) resonators.
Transmission Line Resonators (Short Circuited)
The resonance occurs for

o
| e
2
= =
R
L
Q
o
, 3 , 2 , 1
2
= = n
n
2

=
=
Note: Q decreases as
the attenuation of
the line increases.
An open-circuited length of lossy
transmission line, and the voltage
distributions for n = 1
resonators.
2
Q
|
o
=
Transmission Line resonators
( )
o
o
in
j
Z
Z
e t e o / A +
=

The resistance of the equivalent RLC circuit is:

o
o
Z
R=
and the capacitance of the equivalent circuit is:
o o
Z
C
e
t
2
=
Inductance and quality factor of the
equivalent circuit are:
C
L
o
2
1
e
=
A rectangular resonant cavity, and the electric field
distributions for the TE
101
and TE
102
resonant
modes.
Rectangular waveguide cavity resonator
We can look at them as short circuit section of transmission line
2 2
2
mn
m n
a b
t t
| e c
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2

mn
l
d
t
| =
2 2 2
2
l m n
d a b
t t t
e c
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
2 2 2
2
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m
d
l
c
f t t t t
2 2 2
then the resonance frequency
2
c l m n
f
d a b t
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
Boundry conditions enforced
0 for 0,
x y
E E z d = = =
mn
d l | t = ... 3 , 2 , 1 = l
the lowest and dominant resonant TE (resp TM) mode
will be TE101 (resp. TM110)
if b a d < <
Rectangular waveguide cavity resonator
Q factor for TE10l
( )
( )
1
3
2
2 3 3 2 3 3
1 1
1
tan
2
1
2
2 2
2
c d
d
c
s
s o
Q
Q Q
Q
ad
Q
R
l a b bd l a d ad
R
o
t q
t
e o

q
c

| |
= +
|
\ .
=
=
+ + +
=
=
Resonators - coupling
Critical coupling occurs when
u e L
Q Q Q = = 2
If we define coupling coefficient
e
u
Q
Q
g = then we have
undercoupled resonator if g<1
critically coupled resonator if g=1 (resonator matched to the feed line)
overcoupled resonator if g>1
Series RLC circuit
series RLC parallel RLC
R
Z
g
0
=
0
Z
R
g =
R
Z
o

Z
i
n

1 > g
1 = g
1 < g
2

C Z b
l b
b l
j
Z
Z
z
o c
c
c
o
e
|
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= = where
tan
tan
Serial RLC
coupling capacitor acts
as impedance inverter
Resonance occurs whentan 0
c
l b | + =
Gap coupled microstrip resonator resonators
The coupling of the feed line to the
resonator lowers its resonant frequency
Gap coupled microstrip resonator resonators
2
the coupling coeficient
2
o
Z
R
u c
g
Q b
t
= =
2 2
( )
( )
2
o
o
c o c
Z Z j
Qb b
t e e t
e
e
| |

= +
|
\ .
2
2
o
c
R Z
Qb
t
| |
=
|
\ .
for critical coupling
o
Z R =
2
c
b
Q
t | |
=
|
\ .
for overcoupled resonator
for undercoupled resonator
2
c
b
Q
t | |
<
|
\ .
2
c
b
Q
t | |
=
|
\ .
2
c
b
Q
t | |
>
|
\ .